>> /Rotate 0 << >> /MC0 129 0 R 3 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> Both brought with them changes that are . /ExtGState << /Font << 4 0 obj 17 0 obj /Properties << /Parent 14 0 R /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << << It was this that then set the scene for successful schools to be able to expand and failing schools to collapse (and, following further policy changes later on under New Labour and other successive governments) to be taken over by successful schools. /Type /Page /ExtGState << /Font << << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Type /Page /LastModified (D:20040616154335) /TT2 121 0 R The tripartite system of secondary education, implemented in the 1944 Act, offered three types of education after the age of 11: grammar schools for the most able, >> Private schools have always operated on these principles they charge fees and compete with each other for customers. The idea is particularly associated with policies inspired by the New Right and with the Education Reform . Where did all the GCSE pupils go and why has no one noticed? << /TT2 226 0 R 22 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R >> /Resources << >> 0000035224 00000 n /StructParents 14 /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Those schools that dont perform so well will go out of business and either close down or be taken over by new management who will run things more efficiently. << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 68 /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /StructParents 74 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R Especially beneficial for kids from poor families. /MC0 129 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Font << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /Parent 12 0 R One advantage of standardized testing is that the results of such tests are empirically useful in terms of a large scale. /Properties << >> >> Last September the Wakefield City academies trust gave up all its schools. Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. /TT2 226 0 R The 1988 Education Reform Act introduced a National Curriculum, which was a return to traditional subjects similar to the old Grammar school Model. The following overview of the evolution of ESEA and federal standards-based education reform policy is presented to contextualize ESSA and help inform how states respond to the new law. /ExtGState << The unease Phillips voices about the market reforms came through interviews with many of the key players in recent education reform. /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 30 /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> However, state-governed evaluations may soon come to an end. >> xref << >> /MC0 129 0 R 2. << 68 0 obj 190 0 R 191 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) was formed under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. /GS0 125 0 R 14 0 obj /ExtGState << /Parent 2 0 R endobj /Parent 11 0 R endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> In addition, locally determined /Type /Page /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> 70 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 265 0 R /LetterspaceFlags 0 /Type /Page /Contents 235 0 R /Parent 15 0 R /F5 124 0 R /Contents 285 0 R endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /Contents 306 0 R /TT1 121 0 R endobj Initially, many health insurance companieslacking the information they needed to ensure their financial stabilityleft the ACA's marketplaces. /StructParents 79 13 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] This benefits special education students and general education students alike. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 81 >> /MC0 129 0 R 111 0 obj /Parent 9 0 R 32 0 obj /Parent 11 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Contents 130 0 R /GS0 125 0 R The Pros: Advantages and Applications of Facial Recognition System. /Font << << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R 104 0 obj >> /Type /Page /Parent 16 0 R /Type /Page 55 0 obj << /StructParents 76 /TT0 120 0 R /Font << >> /Contents 233 0 R /StructParents 80 /Rotate 0 0000009252 00000 n << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Kids [102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R] /Properties << /Contents 228 0 R /Font << >> 65 0 obj >> /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R /TT2 226 0 R But that would require great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips. /Font << 28 0 obj << /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /Resources << >> 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R >> /Parent 15 0 R /StructParents 3 /Font << >> /Rotate 0 It shows how an informed educational philosophy helps us respond to . /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R >> /ExtGState << Education Reform Act (1988) Aims To raise standards To make schools more accountable To run schools on 'market principles' and improve efficiency/competition To give parents (consumers) greater choice Creating an education 'market' so that schools were competing against each other for 'customers' (pupils). /MC0 129 0 R << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 59 /Dest [24 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /TT1 121 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R endobj 4.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings? /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Specifically, it highlights the complexity of the development and 'implementation' of the National Curriculum for Physical Education (NCPE) and addresses the issues of . /GS0 125 0 R /Font << >> Freedom of choice. /GS0 125 0 R Over the following pages, three people who were directly involved . /TT3 159 0 R /Properties << /TT1 121 0 R 0000001818 00000 n /Parent 9 0 R /Rotate 0 0000003657 00000 n /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 67 /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Parent 10 0 R The biggest of these changes were the 'marketisation' of education and the introduction of the 'new vocationalism', which . /Type /Page /Contents 305 0 R /Font << >> << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> You cant close down failing schools until they have completely collapsed their roll. 37 0 obj 105 0 obj /Last 114 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> /Contents 272 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 18 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 6.0 \(Windows\)) Indeed, it is rapidly becoming a full-time 36 0 obj /TT1 121 0 R /Parent 14 0 R /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /StructParents 88 >> /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 271 0 R /Rotate 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /Contents 246 0 R /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] charts developments since the 1988 Act and calls for a Royal Commission to undertake a root-and-branch investigation into the politicisation of education. /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /OCG << /Font << /StructParents 56 /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 221 0 R /ExtGState << /TT2 121 0 R 93 0 obj /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 0000001418 00000 n /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R >> /Resources << endobj /Font << >> /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R >> /ExtGState << 7 0 obj /Properties << /PageLabels 5 0 R endobj /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R /Contents 300 0 R /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 21 >> >> /Resources << endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Font << /Type /Page Even so it has hardly proved an ill wind for publishers and, among others, for beleaguered academics anxious to improve their publication ratings in time for the next research review. /Resources << /StructParents 17 >> 0000033023 00000 n 45 0 obj /StructParents 48 /Rotate 0 How do I view content? /StructParents 50 /Type /Page The Education Reform Act is then explored with reference to the revised correspondence principle. << Teachers must present materials in different ways so that all of the students with different learning styles can understand the material. Hi Karl, thanks for this really useful. /ExtGState << endobj endobj /Font << Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. >> /C2_0 292 0 R >> (In literal terms, it means the rule of the parents.). >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 35 0 obj /Rotate 0 The debate on traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters is an ongoing dispute concerning Chinese orthography among users of Chinese characters. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 264 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 40 0 obj /Properties << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << >> /TT1 121 0 R /Type /Page endobj OFSTED Raised standard because a poor inspection could result in new management being imposed on underperforming schools. /MC0 129 0 R /LastModified (D:20040616154335) << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? /Type /Page /OCProperties << /Contents 242 0 R Today it is outstanding on every count, oversubscribed and achieving impressive results with a diverse intake. 10 0 obj >> >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 15 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 96 0 obj 16 0 obj As a result, the basic structure of our standing education system was instituted. /Type /Page >> 57 0 obj %PDF-1.4 >> >> endobj >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /TT1 159 0 R Parentocracy refers to giving parents the choice over which schools to send their children too. /Count 10 /Font << << /Contents 282 0 R << >> /GS0 125 0 R >> >> /Parent 10 0 R /SubType /HF >> /Properties << endobj << /Properties << 1. >> /Rotate 0 << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> >> /Rotate 0 education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships). >> /Rotate 0 /TT3 159 0 R /Parent 14 0 R >> /TT2 159 0 R >> /Type /Page /StructParents 66 /TT0 120 0 R After 30 years of 'go compare', English education is a wild west. endobj /Title Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Dest [23 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] << /TT2 226 0 R To make this word schools have been required to publish a prospectus which includes their examination and test results since 1988. >> >> /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /Font << endobj 0000003188 00000 n /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << /Parent 11 0 R /TT2 159 0 R /Font << /StructParents 2 /Contents 260 0 R /Kids [9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /Prev 308 0 R /Parent 9 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT2 121 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 226 0 R Top-down federal and state . 49 0 obj >> /Type /Page >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << /Font << 44 0 obj /ExtGState << /Parent 12 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Page endobj /Parent 14 0 R /StructParents 18 Young people want the kudos of entering a profession which is valued by their peers. << /TT1 226 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /Contents 234 0 R Several studies have shown that the improvements in the quality of education will increase GDP growth . /Contents 244 0 R Free schools are all-ability state-funded schools set up in response to what local people say they want and need in order to improve education for children in their community. /Title /StructParents 36 >> 28. /ExtGState << /Parent 10 0 R >> /Rotate 0 >> A science class at Lilian Baylis school, which is rated outstanding. /TT1 226 0 R /Contents 131 0 R /Font << /Font << << As the marketplace stabilized, some companies returned, and others continue to expand . >> /Font << /MC0 129 0 R Government healthcare refers to government funding of healthcare services via direct payments to doctors, hospitals, and other providers. /TT3 226 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 226 0 R 0000003916 00000 n /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Font << /TT1 121 0 R For example, if a school is guaranteed the 500 local children will attend their school their would be minimal competition between schools i.e. Approximately . /Contents 303 0 R /Parent 10 0 R << /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << /Properties << /Properties << The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences Tuomo Ruotanen /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /Parent 13 0 R >> /TT1 121 0 R 81 0 obj /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << >> /TT1 121 0 R >> /F3 122 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << /Names [ 309 0 R] >> /Font << >> /MC0 129 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Contents 304 0 R endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /StructParents 26 endobj >> Go compare-style websites ranking local schools are taken for granted. Twenty years after the introduction of the 1988 Education Reform Act (ERA), BELMAS (British Educational Leadership, Management & Administration Society) held a discussion forum for academics, teachers and all those interested in education policy and practice. /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /ExtGState << >> /Parent 15 0 R 30 0 obj /Rotate 0 The objective of the K+12 programs is to improve quality of basic education. >> /Count 10 endobj /Resources << << /Type /Page endobj >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 237 0 R /TT1 226 0 R >> >> /GS0 125 0 R QUALITY education is viewed as any country's pillar of success. /TT0 120 0 R >> /Font << New education providers, in the form of academy trusts, are a reality in most communities. 69 0 obj >> /TT2 226 0 R List of the Pros of Federal Involvement in Education. /Resources << endobj Alternative types of schooling in the UK Faith schools Independent Special schools Home schooling Task: Give a definition for each types of school and give at least three advantages and disadvantages. /Properties << /TT1 226 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 14 0 R /Type /Pages /Resources << 113 0 obj >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 0000019248 00000 n /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The 1997 New Labour and the 2010 Coalition Government which followed kept to the basic system established in 1988. << /Dest [108 0 R /XYZ 0 697 null] /StructParents 13 91 0 obj /TT2 226 0 R The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. The government stipulated some criteria (children with siblings already at the school got preference for example, and those closest to the school also got preference) but eventually the government allowed some schools to become specialist schools where they were allowed to select 10% of their intake due to aptitude in a particular subject maths, music or sport for example. << Intake and its social class still influences how some parents make their choices and these subtle forces influence selection.. >> >> 0000002006 00000 n >> >> critical areas of reform which the policymakers may consider in crafting legislative interventions to broaden and reinforce further the gains of land reform in the country. endobj >> /StructParents 55 Parent choice and competition had barely registered on the national consciousness. /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 77 >> << /Type /Pages /ExtGState << A science . 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