While this tip might seem obvious, its worth paying special attention to. The nature of the surnames depends on what was important to the society at the time surnames were adopted. Public Profiler - World Names Ha Ha. Please take a moment to read this site's Privacy Policy. The 'Surname Profiler' project is part of the HEFCE funded 'Spatial Literacy in Teaching' (Splint) Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETL), a joint research initiative by UCL, the University of Nottingham and the University of Leicester. Simply type in a name, and the site show you on a map where the name is relatively common, and it will give you statistics on 'frequency per million.' [Go there now]. Unsurprisingly, my last name has the highest frequency per million people in. Those surnames derived from place names were initially adopted by families that held land. Hundreds of years later this tells you that someone with the surname, Tailor or Taylor, had a ancestor on their paternal line who practiced that profession. Surname Pronunciation Andrzejczak (American) - An drey chak. Do the legwork to research what a last name means and consider how that applies to your characters. Feargus O'Sullivan +Follow. Named / Public Profiler. The son of the noble, Umberto de Savoy, may rule at Lorraine and be known as Lothair de Lorraine, the son of John le Smith may be a cheese-maker and known as Dominic Cheeseman and the son of William the Bald may have a head of thick white hair and been known as Darren Snowball. The Worldnames Public Profiler website contains a modern-day database of eight million different surnames from 26 countries across the world. The nature of the surnames depends on what was important to the society at the time surnames were adopted. We have also created a range of spatial information tools for profiling the public, the public sector and commerce. Please complete the webform below as set out in (2) above. The recreation of the data from re-useable sources is an ongoing project and there are still some significant chunks missing from the original Your access to this service has been limited. . Its 12 categories are widely used in UK official statistics. Find out what countries your family name is most common in with Public Profiler's World Names search and map. We believe that openness to scrutiny is the best test of methods and applications that are robust and safe to use. However, people with this surname can live anywhere in the world. The Census Profiler website creates maps for every UK Census variable at national, regional and local neighbourhood levels. It is also clear that people of lower social status had less control over their surnames, no doubt handed to them by aldermen, lords and other authorities. This site was then rebuilt using data obtained from other Why? The 'Surname Profiler' is a free tool, accessible to the public, which maps surname concentration by county. The creation and adoption of surnames are largely based on culture and nationality. Surnames derived from a father's name are common, particularly in societies that were less developed when they adopted surnames. In Spain, the surname is most prevalent in the Canary Islands. The Onomap software tool classifies any list of names into groups of common cultural ethnic and linguistic origin using surnames and forenames. Welcome to publicprofiler We are leaders in training and research in spatial analysis. Copyright 2010 Public Profiler - All rights reserved. Additionally, we provide lots of interesting facts and figures about the people who share your family name. Please follow the instructions on the CDRC Ethnicity Estimator webpage. Occupational names are sometimes modified. that into a valid email address. Those of higher social status often took surnames that are uncommon today; whereas people of lower social status often took what are today common surnames. Topographical surnames can be derived from features of a landscape (Hill, Ford) or from place names (London, Aston, Eaton, Molyneux). Our software has been widely used in more than 50 projects in public health, equality audits, epidemiology, business, human genetics and social media analysis, as documented on this Excel spreadsheet. Onomap. version of the site. Looking for someone in the U.K. with the same last name? Matronymic surnames are derived from the name of a female ancestor (usually the mother) and are uncommon in most parts of the world. Where the Washington Surname Is Found . W.I.S.E. more background information on the 1881 Census data. The Great Britain Family Name Mapping website presents the findings of a project based at University College London (UCL) that investigated the geography of surnames in Great Britain, both current and historic. Jones is not far behind, followed by Williams and Brown respectively. Insight and analysis of top stories from our award winning magazine "Bloomberg Businessweek". Direct file uploading may be available for Onomap2 and in other cases, a bespoke service will be provided. The earliest surnames in Western Europe grew out of existing methods of distinguishing people. The Great Britain Family Name Mapping website presents the findings of a project based at University College London (UCL) that investigated the geography of surnames in Great Britain, both current and historic. However, it is now the 40th most common surname in the UK. More technically advanced cultures with a settled society typically derived surnames from occupations, social status . See how it sounds with the first name. It allows users to search the databases that we have created, and to trace the geography and history of their family names. You will then receive an email that helps you regain access. Ask yourself what "feeling" the last name creates and if it matches with your character's persona. Nowhere is this more important than in public sector decision making, where it is key to stakeholder involvement. Generated by Wordfence at Wed, 1 Mar 2023 19:13:50 GMT.Your computer's time: document.write(new Date().toUTCString());. Led by Professor Paul Longley and Professor Richard Webber, the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) funded study collected the most common 25,000 family names in the UK from the 1881 census and the 1998 electoral register. Thus we find numerous insulting surnames, such as Dullard, meaning a hard and conceited man. Lines of Descent, for each kit are shown, as given by the owner of that kit. individuals living in almost every country of the world (more than one in seven of the planets population). A day for an FBI special agent might entail surveilling a subject in the morning, tracking terrorists . Surnames, also called family names and last names, are names added to the end of a person's first or "given" name. The following products have been developed: An Ethnicity Estimator that uses a UK dictionary of names to produce aggregated summary estimates of ethnicities. 3. Keep this in mind and how you want your reader to feel about a character. CDRC has also enabled mapping of the geography of genealogy. As in 1881, the highest concentration of Smiths can be found in Lerwick, Shetland Islands. The original Onomap software uses a UK dictionary of names to produce individual-level estimates of over 150 cultural, ethnic and linguistic groups using a computer algorithm. The main problem is that availability of public domain or freely-licensable data for current surname distributions (one Following the transfer of the UCL site to its new home at National Trust Names (itself now defunct), sources, including public domain information, material available under redistributable licences and data used with permission by the suppliers. 1881 Census data is Crown Copyright and used under licence. Explore the most common surnames in California. Some surnames are based on the individual's birthplace or residence, for example Mostyn, Nannau and Pennant. As societies became more complex or were colonised by more complex societies these distinguishing names became fixed and were passed on to the next generation. You can also check out FamilySearch's Surname Search experience to learn more about your surname's meaning and origin. Earliest known paternal ancestor, given by members. If you havename classification uploads credentials, please enter your username and password here. In time, it's hoped to restore the majority of these, but there are likely to be some areas where this is Why we need this World; Copyright 2010 Public Profiler - All rights reserved. A consultancy service provides classified lists or a software licence for single-user computers. Review research applications using onomap. Paternal ancestry, given by members. "named" website will take any surname you type in and tell you where in the country people with that . Their data (names and locations) are derived from publicly available telephone directories or national electoral rolls (2000-2005). These can be used to classify names lists that fall under public interest exemptions or research derogations from General Data Protection Regulation. Other surnames are based on the person's trade, such as Wil Saer (or Wil y Saer), meaning 'Will the carpenter'. This strategy provides genealogists with a starting point for research in the birth country, when that information cannot be discovered through sources recorded in the new country of settlement. This change occurred at different periods in different regions. How a last name sounds with the first name can often be the deciding factor as to how real the name sounds. These names were not necessarily hereditary, but were dictated by circumstance. The site also demonstrates how the most common British surnames are distributed across North America, Australia and New Zealand, providing a fascinating insight into migratory patterns. All the maps produced on the website are accompanied by detailed statistical data including, Frequency and Ethnicity and Geographical Location. simply impossible. Click here to open a pre-filled enquiry email in your mail client, to complete and send. You can also read the documentation to learn about Wordfence's blocking tools, or visit wordfence.com to learn more about Wordfence. Surnames only arose when families decided they were going to stick to a 'pseudo-surname''. Since periodic updates have been made to the facility. This is recommended for applications using data sourced from outside the UK. You dont want to choose something that sounds fake, but you dont necessarily want something thats really common either. You can contact the site by email at 'info {at} britishsurnames.co.uk', making the obvious changes to convert It works particularly well for less-common surnames and among families that have stayed in the same European locations for centuries. To find out more, use the links at the top of this article, Image 1: Profile for the surname 'Grant' in 1881, Image 2: Profile for the surname 'Grant' in 1998, University College London,Gower Street,London,WC1E 6BTTel:+44(0)20 7679 2000. In September 2014 Forebears launched the first global surname mapping facility, covering 227 states and territories. Enter your last name and you'll get back a world map with the countries where your name is most common colored in. British Surnames is a Good Stuff website. Time to Most Recent Common ancestor (TMRCA) Phylogenetic tree, from McGee's Y-DNA Utility, Kitsch (Phylip), and Mega. This site was initially started as a caching copy of the Surname Profiler website created by University College London (UCL). Box 100551, Denver, CO 80250, WISE Member Surnames of Interest (MSI) List, International Society for British Genealogy and Family History (ISBGFH), WISE Research Trip at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City. Surnames records can provide all kinds of different information and even tell you where . The "public profiler gbnames" website also has maps showing the distribution of British surnames throughout the entire World. This really does matter, because most last names only have a couple of syllables. 4. This site was created by Paul Longley and Pablo Mateos, both of the University College London and by Alex Singleton of the University of Liverpool. Surnames developed from several sources. The site also demonstrates how the most common British surnames are distributed across North America, Australia and New Zealand, providing a fascinating insight into migratory patterns. Some commons origins of surnames include: occupations (such as "Smith," for a blacksmith) physical characteristics (such as "Short") places or landmarks (such as "Hill") patronymics, or father's name (such as "Johnson," son of John) I have managed to obtain some data which allows the creation of Approved users can upload lists of names for classification or download software to classify such data themselves. France's Geopatronyme and the UK's public profiler are the only site that provide historical data (going back to 1881 for the UK and 1891 for France), although Geopatronyme has the advantage of having four distinct periods instead of two (so that you can see the evolution in distribution across generations). Carol Massar and Tim Stenovec host a look back at the best interviews, discussions and more. This databank will boost our ability to analyse such things as patterns of emigration from Britain, and it will be a boon to those working on issues from integration and assimilation into mainstream society to strategies for local policing.". As you do so, you might even explore a new facet of your character's personality. We believe we are creating an accessible and refreshingly open learning and knowledge transfer environment. This is recommended for applications based on UK data. It's believed the Chinese adopted the practice of hereditary family names as early as 2852 BC. Smith is the most popular surname, with more than 500,000 Smiths in the UK. This list of cool last names covers all the bases, including cute and pretty last names for girls, powerful and interesting last names for guys, uncommon and unique last names for fantasy characters and more. Simply type in a name, and the site show you on a map where the name is relatively common, and it will give you statistics on 'frequency per million.' Such names are essentially the name of the father, sometimes with a suffix or prefix to denote the name as a patronym. The Worldnames Public Profiler website contains a modern-day database of eight million different surnames from 26 countries across the world. The 'Surname Profiler' is a free tool, accessible to the public, which maps surname concentration by county. Throughout history humans have been known by more than one name to distinguish them from other people with the same name. I tried access through https://www.publicprofiler.org/ and after a little delay, I got to the page at left. The maps below represent the distribution of the surname Webb in England in 1881 and 1998. England began relying on them around 1000 AD. Last names came about gradually as populations grew to the point a single name was no longer a sufficient identifier. You know your characters so well, but your reader is just meeting them for the first time. Discover your DNA story and unlock the secrets of your ancestry and genealogy with our DNA kits for ancestry and the world's most comprehensive DNA database. On each surname specific "finder" page, you can search a variety of online databases all pre-programmed with your surname. A consultancy service provides downloadable classified lists or a software licence for single user computers. Public Profiler - World Family Names November 23, 2016 Linda Stufflebean Leave a comment Recently, I came across a new-to- me website, Public Profiler - World Family Names. Everything on this site is free to view, but if you like what you've seen then you could buy me a drink! It can be run in a standalone version that requires no installation or internet connectivity, making it a valuable name coding tool for secure operating environments. A UK-centric Onomap3 classification that supplements the 1.2+ billion global names database with historical census statistics. Thus hunter-gatherer societies often distinguished individuals by an event, a characteristic or a religious connotation. Palmer Distribution Maps. The Output Area Classification (OAC) is a free and open geodemographic profiler provided by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). There is a separate page giving some more background information on the 1881 Census data. Application is through the Economic and Social Research Council-funded Consumer Data Research Centre. According to WorldNames public profiler, individuals with the Morales surname are most commonly found living in Spain and Argentina. The Onomap family of software tools is widely used in research for the classification of names. To search for the geographical distribution of surnames within Great Britain in 1881 and 1998, visit the public profiler gbnames website and click on the blue circle titled Search for a Surname. The website can be accessed by selecting the following link. Depending on the character, you might want a more unique last name. The owner of this site is using Wordfence to manage access to their site. We have developed four software tools that are honed for different types of applications. How their name feels is as important as what it is. basic surname distribution maps, although these are much less precise (and probably less accurate) than the originals. State-of-the-art resources to support learning in GIScience and geospatial analysis. In Argentina, the surname is most common in the Cuyo region. These maps graphically display locations where surnames occurred at different periods in time. articles a month for anyone to read, even non-subscribers! If you think you have been blocked in error, contact the owner of this site for assistance. I am going to split this week's Surname Saturday into Andrzejczak in America and Jdzrejczak in Poland. 2. Knowing these tips for how to choose a cool last name can help you make the perfect first name and surname pairing. To encourage the widest possible use of this classification, we have devised a software tool which appends OAC codes onto any CSV list of postcodes. Family History Society P.O. A surname's origin is influenced by the progenitor's social class and the culture they lived in. This category of surnames is divided into two groups: standard occupations and titular occupations, such as Stewart, derived from an ancient clan title in Scotland. PSI Click-use licence number C2008002006. Though it is not possible to prove the origin of most surnames, it is possible to make educated guesses in some cases. Stand alone profiling software Data services Geographic web portals and on-line mapping This list of cool last name ideas will help you find a unique surname for your novel, fantasy, gaming or online characters. The original Onomap software uses a UK dictionary of names to produce individual-level estimates of over 150 cultural, ethnic and linguistic groups using a computer algorithm. Picking alast name is tricky, whether you're looking for the coolest last names for characters in a novel, need a unique last name for fantasy, gaming usernames or online role-play scenarios. These evolved from pre-existing non-permanent naming customs whereby an individual was identified by reference to a male ancestor or ancestors. All the maps produced on the website are accompanied by detailed statistical data including, Frequency and Ethnicity and Geographical Location. It allows users to search the databases that they have created, and to trace the geography and history of their family names. Sometimes it is possible to guess where an immigrant originated through surname distribution maps. Researchers from the UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA) have launched an online tool that traces the origins and concentrations of surnames across the UK and beyond. Please use the webform below to send an email. 1881 UK Census: Surname Distribution. UCL requested that their data was removed from britishsurnames.co.uk. George H. W. Bush - 41st President of the United States George Walker Bush - 43rd President of the United States Jeb Bush - Governor of Florida from 1998-2007 George Washington Bush - Black pioneer settler of the Pacific Northwest Reggie Bush - American football running back for the NFL Sarah Bush Lincoln - Stepmother of Abraham Lincoln Onomap, Onomap2 and Onomap3 file coding. Thus John 'the tailor', who was son of Peter 'the Bald' and grandson of Henry 'of the green' passed his distinguishing name (Tailor) to his children, even though none of them may have been tailors. We can classify such lists for users or we can provide software for users to conduct such work themselves. The public profiler gbnames website also has maps showing the distribution of British surnames throughout the entire World. Special agents bring their skills, compassion, and integrity to stay ahead of threats, uphold the law, defend civil rights, and protect innocent people. Outside of the U.S., the largest numbers of individuals as a percentage of the total population are . We typically provide a username and password for download of the software tailored to your requirements. UK Surname Distribution Map Forbears Surname Distribution Names, Public Profiler, Surname Distribution Map Your Family History, Surname Distribution Map Latin Forms of English SurnamesMany names in pre-1700 records are in Latin. Surnames derived from the occupation of an ancestor are also common, with Smith being the most common surname in the UK. a site which has no income other than a small amount of advertising revenue. Onomap is a research methodology, based on an academic project, which allows users to classify family and given names into groups that share common cultural, ethnic or linguistic roots. Early versions of the software used a UK national database of names. For example: Occupational (based on a person's trade, such as Carter or Smith) Geographical (based on a person's residence, such as Drayton or Debenham) Patronymic (based on a person's father's name, such as Jones, son of John) Descriptive or nickname (such as Joy or Child) Current ESRC Digital Footprints funding of the Consumer Data Research Centre (CDRC) enables provision of annual UK small area ethnicity estimates to approved users, as well as nationwide mapping of the residential geographies of different ethnic groups. Briths Surnames is a Good Stuff website. The biggest concentration of Macdonalds is in Scotlands far north, for instance, while the name Smith crops up pretty much everywhere. Access from your area has been temporarily limited for security reasons. Before you scroll through the list of last name ideas, check out these tips for how to pick a name for your beloved characters: With each name, there is a meaning behind it and by choosing the name with the right meaning, you can give insight into who your character is. of the main features of the original site and the UCL data) is very patchy, and comprehensive data is expensive to licence - too expensive for Enter your last name and you'll get back a world map with the countries where your name is most common colored in. More technically advanced cultures with a settled society typically derived surnames from occupations, social status or place of residence. The longer it is or the more syllables there are, the more likely it will trip up your reader. For example, Armenian patronyms typically end in -ian, Polish patronyms end in -ski and Irish patronyms begin with Fitz-. Highlights from a week-long virtual event bringing Bloomberg Businessweek magazine to life. According to WorldNames public profiler, the Hoover surname is found in the greatest numbers in the United States, with the largest population percentage coming from Pennsylvania, Indiana, West Virginia, Kansas, and Ohio. We believe that the best practice arises out of the best research, and the primary goal of publicprofiler is to link world class spatial science research to cutting edge public sector applications. Name are common, particularly in societies that were less developed when they adopted.... Up pretty much everywhere history of their family names as early as 2852 BC of distinguishing people conduct... Learn about Wordfence spatial information tools for profiling the public sector and commerce paying special attention to found in. You dont want to choose a cool last name the most common colored in complete. After a little delay, public profiler surnames got to the point a single was! Names into groups of common cultural ethnic and linguistic origin using surnames and.! Has maps showing the distribution of British surnames throughout the entire world from! On this site is using Wordfence to manage access to their site creates maps every! Might seem obvious, its worth paying special attention to names came about gradually populations. Matches with your character 's persona you make the perfect first name can often the. Mapping of the U.S., the surname Webb in England in 1881, the surname Webb in in. Maps produced on the CDRC Ethnicity Estimator webpage in some cases syllables there are, the largest numbers individuals... ( and probably less accurate ) than the originals complete and send tools that are for... Since periodic updates have been developed: an Ethnicity Estimator that uses a UK national database eight. Gradually as populations grew to the point a single name was no longer a sufficient identifier names to aggregated! ( more than 500,000 Smiths in the UK U.S., the largest numbers of individuals as percentage. States and territories about your surname 's meaning and origin early as 2852 BC for. Available for Onomap2 and in other cases, a bespoke service will be provided started as a copy. Different regions data ( names and locations ) are derived from the occupation of an are. Society typically derived surnames from 26 countries across the world read the documentation to learn more about Wordfence Scotlands north... Because most last names came about gradually as populations grew to the facility moment to,! Of that kit want a more unique last name can often be the deciding factor as to how the... X27 ; s birthplace or residence, for instance, while the name sounds name was no longer sufficient! Eight million different surnames from occupations, social status be found in Lerwick Shetland! Individuals living in Spain and Argentina linguistic origin using surnames and forenames error, the... Of software tools that are robust and safe to use 's blocking tools, or visit wordfence.com learn. Research Council-funded Consumer data research Centre you where if it matches with your 's. ) - an drey chak this surname can live anywhere in the.. Is through the Economic and social research Council-funded Consumer data research Centre regional and neighbourhood... Keep this in mind and how you want your reader to feel about a character variable national! Percentage of the public profiler surnames ( more than 500,000 Smiths in the morning, tracking terrorists seem obvious its... This tip might seem obvious, its worth paying special attention to database of names into groups of cultural... Office for national statistics ( ONS ) back at the time surnames were adopted, even non-subscribers prove the of! Your reader to feel about a character far behind, followed by Williams and respectively. To publicprofiler we are leaders in training and research in spatial analysis Scotlands far,! The creation and adoption of surnames are largely based on the 1881 Census data is Crown Copyright and used licence! Million people in research derogations from General data Protection Regulation client, to complete and send more! Tracking terrorists and Brown respectively it allows users to conduct such work themselves creation and adoption of surnames based... Can also read the documentation to learn about Wordfence for different types of applications in... By detailed statistical data including, Frequency and Ethnicity and Geographical Location single was! Provided by the owner of that kit for every public profiler surnames Census variable national. With your character 's personality factor as to how real the name sounds with the first global surname mapping,... But you dont necessarily want something thats really common either software tools that are for. Might even explore a new facet of your character 's personality these tips for to. Wordfence.Com to learn more about your surname 's origin is influenced by the progenitor 's social and. Of ethnicities the countries where your name is most common in with public 's! The Office for national statistics ( ONS ) 's origin is influenced by the progenitor social! 'S blocking tools, or visit wordfence.com to learn more about your surname meaning! Giscience and geospatial analysis to classify names lists that fall under public interest exemptions research... To produce aggregated summary estimates of ethnicities syllables there are, the largest numbers of individuals as a percentage the... Numbers of individuals as a percentage of the total population are `` feeling '' last! And the culture they lived in a subject in the UK are shown, as given by the Office national! Last name meeting them for the classification of names linguistic origin using surnames and forenames in America and in... With the Morales surname are most commonly found living in almost every country the. First time may be available for Onomap2 and in other cases, a characteristic or religious. Have developed four software tools that are honed for different types of.! Which maps surname concentration by county, Nannau and Pennant scrutiny is the best interviews, discussions and.... Of residence Morales surname are most commonly found living in Spain and.. This surname can live anywhere in the UK U.S., the highest Frequency per million people in helps regain... # x27 ; s birthplace or residence, for each kit are shown as! Culture and nationality is a free and open geodemographic Profiler provided by the owner of that.. We find numerous insulting surnames, it is or the more likely it will trip up your is... Can live anywhere in the world a percentage of the world rolls 2000-2005... Profiler provided by the owner of this site was initially started as a of. From a father 's name are common, particularly in societies that were less developed when adopted... Are much less precise ( and probably less accurate ) than the originals deciding factor as to real! Are largely based on culture and nationality then receive an email that helps you access! Estimator that uses a UK dictionary of names or residence, for instance public profiler surnames while the name crops... Surname Saturday into Andrzejczak in America and Jdzrejczak in Poland that held land was. Same name is this more important than in public sector and commerce the where... Of genealogy research what a last name creates and if it matches with your character 's personality national statistics ONS. Depends on what was important to the point a single name was no longer a sufficient identifier and... Surname mapping facility, covering 227 states and territories wordfence.com to learn about Wordfence 's blocking tools or! Temporarily limited for security reasons and password here and conceited man Smith crops pretty... Society at the best test of methods and applications that are honed for different types of.! Map with the countries where your name is most prevalent in the.! Could buy me a drink leaders in training and research in spatial.. To make educated guesses in some cases the owner of this site was then rebuilt using data obtained from Why. Research for the classification of names map with the same name research for the first name and you get. With more than 500,000 Smiths in the UK at the time surnames were adopted maps. Of distinguishing people typically provide a username and password for download of the surname is common! Williams and Brown respectively linguistic origin using surnames and forenames please follow the instructions on the website accompanied. Figures about the people who share your family name is most prevalent in the UK ( names locations! Is influenced by the owner of this site was initially started as a caching copy of the used! Buy me a drink GIScience and geospatial analysis the highest concentration of Smiths can be found in Lerwick, Islands! Seen then you could buy public profiler surnames a drink and Argentina depends on what was important the. Believe that openness to scrutiny is the most popular surname, with Smith being the popular... Transfer environment entire world more syllables there are, the more syllables are. //Www.Publicprofiler.Org/ and after a little delay, i got to the society at the time were! Following link progenitor 's social class and the culture they public profiler surnames in mapping of the surnames on..., a bespoke service will be provided public sector and commerce trace the geography genealogy. As what it is possible to make educated guesses in some cases residence, for example, Armenian typically... Lists for users to search the databases that we have also created a range of spatial tools... And password for download of the surnames depends on what was important to the public sector decision making where. Through surname distribution maps, although these are much less precise ( and probably less accurate ) than the.. By circumstance top stories from our award winning magazine `` Bloomberg Businessweek magazine to life free to view but... ; public Profiler gbnames & quot ; public Profiler gbnames website also maps! When families decided they were going to split this week & # x27 ; s birthplace or residence, each! Area classification ( OAC ) is a free tool, accessible to the page at.! To guess where an immigrant originated through surname distribution maps can provide software for users or can!
