He commenced a series of voyages and explorations that culminated in the formation of the Portuguese Empire. In 1520 Wolsey, Henry's principal adviser, attempted to bring peace to Europe by arranging the Treaty of London, but this scheme was not workable. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. They knew that Portugal was a rival of Spain during the age of exploration and discovery. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. Earlier they had been great centers of learning and the arts, but now the great monastic libraries were divided and sent to other Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. In this case the favorite was Gaspar de Guzmn (15871645), who was given the title of count-duke of Olivares. The Peerless Scholar has three stages: preliminary, midterm, and final exam. After the death of Charlemagne (pronounced SHAR-leh-main; 742814; ruled 80014), the great Frankish king, the vast Carolingian Empire broke up and the title of emperor was passed to German rulers in the eastern part of Europe. Instead, one had merely to sail west for a month or two, across the Atlantic Ocean, in order to reach the island of Japan. He marched his army through Mexico in 1519 to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln (modern-day Mexico City). Monarchies used to rule the world. So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. Many Europeans were convinced that life was not supportable near the equator. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Tudors reigned over the English Renaissance. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). Trait 1: +3% Troop Health. The treaty required France's King Charles VI (13681422; ruled 13801422), an Orlanist, to give his daughter, Catherine of Valois (14011437), in marriage to Henry. In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. In the early 1400s the Renaissance was spreading across Europe. Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). Spain resumed wars in Italy (161516), however, and then entered the Thirty Years' War by sending troops into Germany (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 8). The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). Yet she also spent excessive amounts of money on the "Cult of Gloriana," staging grand pageants and spectacles to impress the English people. All lands to the east would belong to Portugal and all lands to the west would belong to Spain. But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. By contrast, the Roman Catholic Church considered communion to be an actual partaking of the body and spirit of Christ. His successor, Louis XIV (16381715; ruled 16431715), was only five years old. James also had to contend with religious unrest. Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. Find answers for Rise of Kingdoms on AppGamer.com. 15281576). Henry finally had a male heir in 1537, when his third wife, Jane Seymour (c. 15091537), gave birth to their son Edward. Real-time Battles: In this game, you can do the battles on a huge . The Dutch troubles worsened in 1578 when Philip approved the assassination of Juan de Escobedo (died 1578), John of Austria's dangerous and ambitious secretary. This reform movement resulted in the revolution known as the Protestant Reformation, which eventually spread throughout Europe. In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . For instance, the English armies were commanded by French-speaking nobles and a Frenchspeaking king. 1861. To many Europeans at the time, this was Philip's most impressive achievement. Especially strong kings were Louis VI (called the Fat; 10811137; ruled 110837) and his son Louis VII (c. 11201180; ruled 113780). When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. The city surrendered and Catalonia was restored to Spain. In the course of the argumentation the actual history of state formation and the gradual emergence of the idea of the state are . First, he wanted to distribute taxes throughout the country and, second, he wanted to abolish privileges given to certain provinces. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. In the golden age of Portugal, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Portuguese explorers sailed most of the world's seas. In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. But Essex botched the job miserably. In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. One thing is for sure - Rise of Kingdoms monetization strategy plays a huge role in all of this. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. Soon after being crowned, she married Philip of Spain (soon to be King Philip II), but Parliament prevented him from taking the English throne along with his wife. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. Charles had left Philip in charge of an unresolved war with the Muslim Turks, which had begun in 1551 over control of the Mediterranean Sea. Ferdinand was the crown prince of the kingdom of Aragon when, in 1469, he married Isabella, who was his cousin and heir to the throne of Castile. Under her command, the French won several important battles. The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). When Gama returned to Calicut in 1502, with the purpose of turning it into a Portuguese colony, the city's head administrator, or Samuri, sent a ship full of envoys (representatives) to discuss the captain's intentions. Vespucci's voyage made it clear that a westerly sea route to Asia had not been found. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. His advisers also needed to pay back a loan of 850,000 florins (the Italian unit of currency) they had received from Jacob Fugger (14591525), a wealthy German banker. Once the thriving center of sea trade on the Iberian Peninsula, Catalonia and its capital city Barcelona had been declining since the middle of the fifteenth century. Merovingian Kingdom. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? In 1534 French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557) joined the search for a Northwest Passage to China. Christians were becoming impatient because only a few Moriscos had actually converted. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. Nevertheless, Edward's uncle, Edward Seymour (c. 15501552), duke of Somerset, took control of the government. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most He neglected to reward several of his best lieutenants for their services, and as a result he lost their support. The Renaissance also brought several technological innovations that made ocean exploration safer and therefore more likely to be undertaken. Their philosophy made the cities of Toledo, Crdoba, and Granada important centers of learning. Calling themselves Comuneros and supported by practically all levels of society, they demanded that no foreigners be appointed to government positions. In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity Soon Catherine, like Anne Boleyn, was found guilty of adultery; she was beheaded in 1542. In the meantime, Santa Cruz died and Philip replaced him with the inexperienced Alonso Prez de Guzmn (c. 15501619), duke of Medina-Sidonia. Francia: French National Day is on July 14 in order to coincide with which historical event? Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. The German Empire (officially Deutsches Reich) was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).. Tensions between Spain and the Ottomans had reached a peak in the mid-1500s. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. French colonization and a thriving fur trade spread outward along the corridor of the Mississippi Valley, pushing as far west as the Rocky Mountains. By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. ." The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. In the early 1500s they continued the crusade against the Moors into North Africa with a series of military expeditions. Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. During the first half of the sixteenth century, Europeand indeed the worldwas dominated by France, Spain, and England. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. Although Elizabeth had encountered numerous problems during her long reign, she showed an uncanny ability to retain the love of her people. Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). That year an assassin killed William of Orange in his home in Delft. The power of the Holy Roman Empire had dwindled, and princes (noblemen who ruled states)particularly in the more than two hundred principalities of Germanywere seeking independence. Under terms of the peace agreement, the Treaty of Brtigny (1360), the kingdom of France was divided and the southwest region was formally given to the king of England. Pope Clement VII joined Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England in the League of Co gnac, an alliance against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. The group Young Italy advocated for. When the popes would not give in to Philip's demands he resolved the situation by having his agents arrest Pope Boniface VIII (c.12351303; reigned 12941303). In 1501 Amerigo Vespucci (14541512) sailed far down the coast of South America. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . In 1233 Pope Gregory IX (c. 11701241; reigned 122741) established the Inquisition (now known as the medieval Inquisition; see "Inquisition" in Chapter 1). Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). Jewish leaders such as Abraham The incompleteness of the fusion became fully evident in 870 when the Empire was split into the West Frankish Kingdom (which became France) and the East Frankish Kingdom (which gave rise to Germany and the other . legitimized the. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. In 1521, after Charles had become Holy Roman Emperor, he summoned Luther before the Imperial Diet at Worms, a meeting of representatives of states in the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany. The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. The French returned in 1499, however, this time to take Naples and Sicily from the Sforzas. Both Katherine Edward Tudor (15371553; ruled 154753) was the youngest, but as a male he had the strongest claim to be ruler. Moriscos were also fiercely opposing the efforts of the Inquisition. When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. Charles returned to Spain from Germany in 1522. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. His men won a few During the two years his mother, Anne of Austria (16011666), served as regent, France's policy was largely guided by her adviser, Cardinal Jules Mazarin (16021661). Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. Philip brushed his reservations aside, insisting that only a man of Medina-Sidonia's stature would be obeyed by the captains of the Armada ships. During her brief five-year reign, nearly three hundred people were burned at the stake. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. Margaret was exiled to France, and Henry lived the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London (a prison for members of the royalty and nobility). Henry and his advisers were fearful of a Catholic attempt to invade England. At the time Charles was preoccupied with campaigning for the position of emperor and with putting down the Comuneros revolt, so he dismissed Luther as an insignificant heretic. Beneath them were lords (noblemen) and clergymen (church officials), who were granted tracts of land called fiefs (pronounced feefs) by the king. In 1266 King Charles I of France (Charles of Anjou; 12271285; ruled 126685), the youngest brother of King Louis IX, took the thrones of Naples and Sicily (called the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). In 1328 his nephew, Philip VI (12931350; ruled 132850), took the throne as the first king from the Valois (pronounced val-WAH) family, a branch of the Capetians. The emperor now controlled Rome and had power over the pope. As a result, many Jews fled from the region. Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. Iron. Louis's mother, Marie de Mdicis (15191589), acted as regent (interim ruler) in the early years of his reign. Soon the stability of England was threatened by complex internal conflicts over the question of who should be king. (According to the so-called Salic Law, a male could be the only legitimate heir to the throne.) One of the major differences involved a new interpretation of communion, a Christian religious ceremony in which bread and wine are changed, respectively, into the body and blood of Jesus of Nazareth, also called Christ. Since 1066 the English had controlled rich agricultural areas in France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. In the sixteenth century, during the reign of King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), the Spanish empire spread east from Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. John IV ushered in Portugal's silver age, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the wealth of Brazil once more made Lisbon one of the most brilliant European capitals. The following year, after extensive manipulation by his Habsburg advisers, Charles was elected as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (he was not officially crowned until 1530). execution of Louis XVI. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. John of Austria The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. Philip reasoned that since there were no longer any Capetian male heirs and since he was related to the Capetians through the Valois line of the family, he had the right to be named king. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. They also wanted to end the use of wedding rings, which were believed to be popish because Catholics wore them. He led an army of 37,000 men against a Spanish army of equal numbers. While Charles was securing his empire in Western Europe, his military generalscalled the conquistadorswere winning tremendous lands and wealth in the Americas. Becoming the king of Bavaria in 825, Louis the German gradually extended his power over all of Carolingian Germany. Feudalism began to decline in the eleventh century with the rise of capitalism, an economy based on investing money and earning profits from business ventures. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). Charles spent his final years as an adviser to Philip, who soon earned the nickname of the "Prudent King" because he made decisions slowly and with great deliberation. Under feudalism there were few cities, and most communities consisted of small towns and rural areas clustered around castles, which served as centers of government and social life (see "Castle as center of community" in Chapter 1). The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. Renaissance ideas were still dominant in England when James died in 1625. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. She knew the Greek and Latin languages, and she occasionally embarrassed foreign diplomats when she understood comments they made in their own languages. Moorish farming techniques brought the dry land to life. The growth of the new economy posed threats to the feudal system. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. Although feudalism had been replaced by a new economic system, social and political structures were still based on the fief. Question 9. Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. The most famous exploits were made by Elizabethan mariners John Hawkins and Francis Drake. By this time pandemonium had broken out in England, and Elizabeth's advisers urged her to prepare for the impending attack. In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. 6. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). Which commander is known as Barbarossa? Introduction. The Genoan seafarer Christopher Columbus believed that the western route would actually be shorter. In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. Some influential members of the house of York, such as Richard Neville (14281471), the earl of Salisbury, sided with the Lancasters. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. Don't forget - part of your success is choosing the best civilization to lead to victory, and we've already talked about that. Protestantism now reached its highest point in English history. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. Their reign, which lasted until Isabella's death in 1504, marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance in Spain. Five years later Mary, who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be her successor. Driven by increasing prosperity, the emerging powers of northwestern EuropeEngland, France, and the Netherlandsdecided to invest in exploration. then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. 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