They could also design their own Aztec calendar in the style of the colourful patterned design in the resource sheet. Search the museum's extensive artefact collection. Cartas y relaciones de Hernan Corts al emperador Carlos V. Edited by Pascual de Gayangos. Lockhart, James. Paris: E. Leroux, 1893. Call Number: UNLV Oversize F1219.56.C76 D5 (2 vol.) History of the Conquest of Mexico. To view full articles, you will require membership. He may very well be correct, but readers need to understand the complex cultural and linguistic politics of the period in which the manuscript was produced. Mxico: Ediciones de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma, 1944. I was in agony for five days, for ten days, with my eyes fixed on the Region of the Mystery. Carefully researched, much of the book is about the author's quest to learn more about Malinche. Extremely useful in understanding how to read the Nahuass manuscripts. McCaa, Robert. Used to put together material to help students think about what they are looking at. 4. "Motecuzoma Xocoyotl, Hernn Corts, and Bernal Daz del Castillo: The Construction of an Arrest". "Spanish and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Demographic Catastrophe in the Conquest of Mexico." Garber, Elizabeth. This volume was most useful for its Atlas and illustrations. Memoriales de Fray Toribio de Motolina. The journey has tired you, but now you have arrived on the earth. Landow, George P. Hypertext 2.0: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology. The Conquest of America. Learn how the Maya excelled at architecture, agriculture, written language and mathematics, Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors, Join us on a journey to South America to uncover the mysteries of these ancient drawings, Discover the secrets of this incredible Incan city, Practise designing Inca-style carvings inspired by the Ancient Inca Empire of South America. It was apparently held in private collections (of a French adventurer with a Mexican mother) that changed hands. Anales de Tlatelolco, unos annals histricos de la nacin mexicana y Cdice de Tlatelolco. Are You Thinking of a Career in Secondary Schools? Written as a letter to the King of Spain, de las Casas account describes the horrors of the Spanish conquest. Since Spanish was the official language of New Spain, those who did not know it became extremely dependent upon Nahuatl-speaking priests to communicate with Spanish rulers. Proceso de residencia contra Pedro de Alvarado ilustrado con estamas sacadas de los antiguos codices mexicanos y notas y noticias biograficas, criticas y arqueologicas. Useful in thinking about what I am doing in this project. Painting the Conquest: The Mexican Indians and the European Renaissance. Coatlicue was sweeping a sacred temple atop the mountain Coatepec, which translates to Serpent Mountain. Traditionally, Aztec human sacrifice has been understood as having a religious basis, in which a constant supply of humans were needed for sacrifice to the god of the sun. by. Provides a cultural studies approach to understanding why the Aztecs were defeated militarily. He published the book in Spain to obtain sympathy for the indigenous populations of New Spain. If you click on the source it will take you either to the place in this bibliography, where I cited the source I used most frequently to produce the material. Motolina, Fray Toribio de. Paris: Alphonse Lemerre, 1878. Hassler, Peter. It consists of its own narrative that mentions things not discussed in the Florentine Codex but is entirely consistent with it. Madrid: Fototipia de Hauser y Menet, 1905. AHA Teaching & Learning Teaching Resources for Historians Teaching and Learning in the Digital Age The History of the Americas The Conquest of Mexico For Teachers General Discussion of the Primary Sources Used in This Project General Discussion of the Primary Sources Used in This Project Aztec, self name Culhua-Mexica, Nahuatl-speaking people who in the 15th and early 16th centuries ruled a large empire in what is now central and southern Mexico. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. This document is also known as The Manuscript of 1576. It is based on the same manuscript as Histoire de la nation mexicaine. Eighth Edition. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! [My translation]. We allowed the Captain to return to the city in peace. The Despatches of Hernando Cortes, the Conqueror of Mexico, Addressed to the Emperor Charles V, Written during the Conquest, and Containing a Narrative of Its Events. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Though the quality of her site is outstanding, I believe that my site demonstrates the powerful advantages offered by hypermedia. A group of indigenous people, the Tlaxcalans, who allied with the Spanish and massacred many of the Mexicas themselves, produced eighty paintings published in the mid-sixteenth century in a manuscript called El Lienzo de Tlaxcala. 1, edited.by Virginia Guedea and Jaime E. Rodriguez O. Mexico: Instituto Mora and the University of California, Irvine, 1992. Databases of primary sources arranged by time period or topic. Daz del Castillo, Bernal. WEB Spanish Conquest of Native America; [At floridahistory] ; Aztec Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico, 1519 [At this Site] ; 2ND William Hickling Prescott: The History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1843 [At Virginia] "Table 3: Population Figures (millions) and Implied Rates of Decline (per cent) in the Indian Population of Mexico from 1519 to 1595.". How Much Does the Public Value the Field of History and Historians Work? Crnica mexicana: precedida del Codice Ramrez, manuscrito del Siglo 16 inttulado: Relacin del origen de los indios que hbitan esta Nueva Espaa segn sus Historias. Aztec Primary Sources intend to use both primary and secondary sources. Authorities disagree over how early the Nahuas adopted the Spanish alphabet to render Nahuatl into a written language to produce their own codices or written accounts of the conquest. Did not put documents from this book on-line. 2d. Raises interesting issues of translation, interpretation, and adaptability when confronting something entirely new: horses, customs, weapons, ideas, and language. Many historians would accept only Don Hernn Cortss letters to King Charles V as genuine primary sources, since they were written by the Spanish conqueror in his native language at the time he was battling the Mexicas. English Translations of Nahuatl Words Used in the Codex. By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and will receive emails from us about news, offers, activities and partner offers. We are currently working to bring specifically tailored curriculum resource links for our other territories; includingSouth Africa,AustraliaandNew Zealand. Appendix A: Survey Development and Methodology, Appendix B: Survey Instrument and Topline Results, Directory of History Departments and Organizations, Resources for Globalizing the US History Survey, Resources for Tuning the History Discipline, The Decision to Secede and Establish the Confederacy: A Selection of Primary Sources, Plagiarism: Curricular Materials for History Instructors, Annual Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources from the 2015 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources from the 2016 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses, 2017 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses, 2018 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2019 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2020 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2021 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2022 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources for Getting Started in Digital History, Evaluation of Digital Scholarship in History, Project Roles and a Consideration of Process and Product, Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty, Final Report on Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty, Mapping the Landscape of Secondary US History Education, Resources for Students and Early Career Professionals, Resources for Job Candidates and Search Committees. This is the volume that prompted Bernal Daz del Castillo to write his true history. The name Aztec is derived from Aztln (variously translated as White Land, Land of White Herons, or Place of Herons), an allusion to their origins, probably in northwestern Mexico. Karttunen, Frances. : The MIT Press, 1997. Microfiche. Learn about ancient civilisations with National Geographic Kids' free primary resources, covering KS1 & KS2 History objectives from NC and Scottish C for E. . n.d. An Aztec Herbal: The Classic Codex of 1552. We get the lowdown on these magnificent marine mammals. Mxico: Impreso por Valdes y Redondas, 1847. Very useful for preparing overviews. Occasionally used for clarification but not included in the on-line documents. Barcelona: Biblioteca Clsica Espaola, 1887. Believes Marina and Corts helped each other in a mission to reshape New Spain and turn it toward its Christian destiny. Less useful than other accounts. Modern History Sourcebook: A Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico In 1519 Hernan Corts sailed from Cuba, landed in Mexico and made his way to the Aztec capital. What Aspects of the Past Does the Public Want to Learn More About? This document is also known as The Codex Aubin or The Manuscript of 1576. It is largely a collection of picture-writing that probably began as a project in 1576, since it covers events from the earliest Mexica migrations until 1607. We do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalised ads. A. Valds, 1829. Compares Spanish and indigenous accounts of the conquest. By entering your email address you agree to our. Durn, Fray Diego de. Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! Do the kings know the destiny of those they left behind, their posterity? The Spaniards initially insisted on forcing the indigenous populations to speak Spanish, a policy that was wholly unsuccessful. An attempt at writing a history of Doa Marina based on good sources, but more like a haigiography of Malintzin, a remarkable indigenous woman. Learn how the Maya excelled at architecture, agriculture, written language and mathematics, Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors, Join us on a journey to South America to uncover the mysteries of these ancient drawings, Discover the secrets of this incredible Incan city, Practise designing Inca-style carvings inspired by the Ancient Inca Empire of South America. Sex, Lies, and Colonial Manuscripts: Women of Ill-repute in the Florentine Codex. An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. Why Does the Public Care about the Past (If It Cares at All)? Malinche's Conquest. Prescott, William Hickling. Search millions of free academic articles, chapters, and theses. Is There a Link between Historical Outlooks and Civic Engagement? Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. The challenges of using these rich but controversial sources to construct history are enormous, yet this is the stuff history is made of. Explore and learn all about the different sources of energy. The sentries from Tenochtitlan stood at one side of the gate, and the sentries from Tlatelolco at the other. I have met you face to face! Note: I have set up living footnotes in the Web Site. He said: Dress him in all his finery, in all his sacred ornaments.. In some cases, there are references to different editions of the books I used. One of the best primary sources of information on Aztec culture, they served as calendars, ritual texts, almanacs, maps, and historical manuscripts of the Aztec people, spanning from before the Spanish conquest through the colonial era. They also murdered the king of Nauhtla, Cohualpopocatzin, by wounding him with arrows and then burning him alive. This home has a pending offer. He was among the earliest friars to arrive in New Spain in 1534 and, if he is the author of this manuscript, he quickly recognized the native populations interest in preserving their historical memory of the conquest. This was foretold by the kings who governed your city, and now it has taken place. Aztec Religion Sources Source: https://pixabay.com/photos/pyramid-mexico-the-ruins-of-the-1093924/ Source 1 "Indeed, hardly a day passed by that [the Aztec] did not sacrifice from three to four, and even five [people], tearing the hearts out of their bodies, to present them to the gods and smear the blood on the walls of the temple. By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and will receive emails from us about news, offers, activities and partner offers. Cruauts horribles des conqurants du Mexique et des indiens qui les aidrent soumettre cet empire la couronne dEspagne. created codexes, textual records, that are one of the best primary sources for historical information about their cultures. y litog. (Source: Florentine Codex, 420) Coatlicue plays a prominent role in the Aztec and Mexica mythology, as recounted by Bernardino de Sahagn in the Florentine Codex. Trans. Moreover, we have very little sense of how their production was shaped by interaction with the Spaniards, since the fourth Mexica King Itzcoatl apparently destroyed most earlier manuscripts during his reign from 1426-1440 to preserve his vision of how he constructed the Mexica empire. The home features carpet in both bedrooms . Which Sources of the Past Are Viewed as Trustworthy? Our lords, they are completely unarmed!. 7. Vridique histoire de la conqute de la nouvelle-espagne. All Aztecs, Maya & Inca primary resources, By entering your email address you agree to our. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Escribano, Tamara. Berlin: Druck von Gebr. Motolinas given name was Fray Toribio de Benavente. Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides, and Survivors. Lockhart, James. Contains some interesting images from the codices critical of de Alvardo. These images generate even more questions about whose vision is represented in them, since the Tlaxcalans backed the Spanish without hesitation and produced their paintings to impress the Spanish monarchy with their loyalty to Spain. Basich Leija, Zita. The home has 2 bedrooms and 2 baths, along with an attached 2-car garage and patio. Piossek Prebisch, Teresa. Are there really rodents on the red planet? By far the most important source from the Aztec/Mexica perspective is Fray Bernardino de Sahagn's General History of the Things of New Spain, . Benavidez, Anthony. These cookies help us record anonymous data about how people are using our website. PDF. These cookies allow us to target other information on our website, like advertising, towards your interests. To avoid student confusion, I also standardized the spelling of names and places across sources even though they differed in the original documents. What were they known for? A table of various estimates of indigenous population decline in New Spain during the sixteenth century. (177) $4.00. Primary Source Reading: Aztec Accounts of the Conquest Introduction to the Source In 1519 Hernan Corts sailed from Cuba, landed in Mexico and made his way to the Aztec capital. The Aztec people included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. This description is based primarily on written documents from the 16th century but also includes some archaeological data. A useful introduction into how to read the Florentine Codex. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications and the University of California Press, 1991. Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1955. The king Motecuhzoma, who was accompanied by Itzcohuatzin and by those who had brought food for the Spaniards, protested: Our lords, that is enough! Trans. To make matters worse, while it appears that the original manuscript was completed in Nahuatl some time around 1555, no evidence of it remains. The Florentine Codex is unquestionably a troubling primary source. Masters Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1993. The Spaniards hanged a chief from Acolhuacan named Nezahualquentzin. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. One is housed in the Royal Library of Berlin; the other, in the Bibliothque National in Paris. With language understood as a primary mechanism of control in a war that had cultural obliteration as its goal, the opportunities for mistranslations and misunderstandings were enormous. I did not use any of the illustrations from this volume, as a second edition of it appeared in 1975. Alvarado, Pedro de (defendant). Especially important were his descriptions of the Valley of Mexico, particularly Tenochtitlan, and his explanations for the actions he took. Fray Diego de Durn studied many of the local manuscripts produced in the sixteenth century. Gruzinski, Serge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. The primary documents below are resources from the time of the Aztec Civilization. We do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalised ads. 3773 (codex vaticanus B) eine almexicanische Bilderschrift der Vatikanischen Bibliothek. "Christian Morality Revealed in Spain: The Inimical Woman in Book Ten of the Florentine Codex," Journal of Women's History, 10. It also contains a facsimile of the Codice Aubin. Those who played the drums, the old men, had brought their gourds of snuff and their timbrels. 4 vols. In other cases, if the codices are in Nahuatl, I will describe their authors as Nahuas, following the practice of Mexican historian, Miguel Len-Portilla.]. During this time the Aztecs, who, according to legend, had been wandering in search of a new place to settle, established a precarious home near the ruins of Tula. Alva Ixtilxochitl descended from the ruling family of Tezcoco. My only complaint is that navigation on the site is not especially intuitive. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. La Rosa suggested that in spite of Spanish efforts to force all of the indigenous Americans to speak Spanish, many priests found it in their interests to learn the multiple languages spoken in the region. Concludes that the Mayans understood the events that transformed sixteenth century New Spain not as a situation of conquest and defeat but one of an ongoing process of negotiation between Mayans and the Spaniards. [http://iupjournals.org/jwh/jwh10-2.html (6-12-2000)]. For my primary sources, I plan on using Spanish and Aztec diary letters and codices. Daz del Castillo, Bernal. Mxico: Editorial Nueva Imagen, 1978. What Are the Publics Attitudes toward a Changing and Uncomfortable Past? Extremely useful in putting this project together. You will receive our UK newsletter. The process of verifying the pedigree of out of copyright drawings has, thus, been a nightmare, especially when the books I was using failed to indicate the source of the illustrations. Marcus, Joyce. You have come to your city, Mexico. La conquista de Mxico segn las ilustraciones del Cdice florentino, con textos adaptados por Marta Dujovne y montaje grfico de Lorenzo Amengual. Spanish conquistadores commanded by Hernn Corts allied with local tribes to conquer the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitln. Thomas, Hugh, Conquest: Montezuma, Corts, and the Fall of Old Mexico. At the beginning of the 12th century, catastrophe befell Toltec civilization when Tula was attacked and destroyed, as were other important Toltec centres. Paris: Fayard, 1990. Zarate, Martha. When Motecuhzoma [Montezuma] had given necklaces to each one, Corts asked him: Are you Motecuhzoma? Most useful was the chapter on the historical iconography of Malintzin. Additionally, it has useful links to other sites devoted to the indigenous populations of New Spain. Daz del Castillo, Bernal. This source is of utmost importance for investigating the Aztec medicine. Corts replied in his strange and savage tongue, speaking first to La Malinche: Tell Motecuhzoma that we are his friends. In summary, primary source materials for the reconstruction of the Mesoamerican concept of history may be divided as follows: pre-Conquest Codices, documents produced under Spanish Patronage, Native Colonial pictorial manuscripts, and Mixed Colonial pictorial and written documents. Initially, the Spaniards believed that Castilian Spanish was the only way to transmit Catholicism, so that a major objective of colonial policy became instructing the natives in Spanish and religion. by George Folsom. They left their posts and went to dress him in his sacred finery: his ornaments and his paper clothing. [My translation]. Fordham University provides a list of links to online primary sources from the modern era. "The Aztecs/Mexicas." A copy of it is available in the Los Angeles County Public Library. This was the major source of Corts letters that I used in the construction of this Web site. [htttp://www.library.uiuc.edu/mdx/malintzin.htm (6-13-2000)]. Mxico: Secretaria de Fomento, 1892. [http://www.umt.edu/history/NAHUATL/florent.txt (6-12-2000)]. by Dsir Charnay. Primary Sources . Change region, COUNTRY*AustraliaIrelandNew ZealandUnited KingdomOther. Dover Publications. Where possible, I will try to identify the specific indigenous people who wrote the manuscripts. Cdice Florentino. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! Corts, Hernn. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts Moreover, in producing this project, I discovered that artists often copied originals or sometimes provided their own drawings, which were similar but different from the original paintings. The drawings accompanying authentic manuscript reproductions often contained drawings from multiple sources, not just those included in the original manuscript itself. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research, 1900. Colonial Latin America - Modern History Sourcebook. Activity: Ask children to choose one of the subheadings in the resource and use the information and their own research to create their own comic strip based on that topic, like the Life as an Aztec comic. In carrying out his investigation, McCaa has done an interesting exegesis on the various primary sources on the conquest, which I used here. J. Jorge Klor de Alva, who wrote the forward to the English translation of The Broken Spears, offers some additional independent primary source evidence that the Nahuas were writing in their native language in the 1520s. This publication contains eighty plates describing the activities of the Tlaxcalans as they fought along side Corts and the Spaniards against the Mexicas. A student project that includes descriptions, variations, and interpretations. San Miguel de Tucumn, Argentina: T. Piossek Prebisch, 1997. Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors . S.l. I have strived to find out of copyright translations of the original Florentine Codex rather than use works based on the Madrid Codex, but at times I have been forced to work with both because of the difficulty of verifying the pedigrees of subsequent texts and translations. The resource includes information on: Aztec gods, rulers, priests, temples, the Aztec empire and Aztec calendars. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. It is plausible that Fray Diego de Durn may have supervised the preparation of this manuscript, and it was published in 1867 as Historia de las Indias de Nueva-Espaa y isles de Tierra Firme with Durn as the author. 2 vols. De I. Paz, 1878. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Classic account of the history of the conquest that is very sympathetic to the Spaniards. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. The Tezcocanos, like the Tlaxcalans, fought along side of the Spaniards against the Mexicas, which, after the fact, makes this an extremely important document. Well researched book based on Spanish archives and other sources. Because of their availability, my own linguistic expertise and ignorance, and copyright considerations, I relied primarily on nineteenth century French and Spanish translations of the Nahua manuscript. A collection of essays by a nineteenth century Mexican writer. Rest now, and take possession of your royal houses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Hispanic American Historical Review. Herberholz, Donald and Herberholz, Barbara. A sixteenth century manuscript which includes illustrations drawn by indigenous people. In other words, just because a manuscript was written in Nahuatl does not necessarily mean that it represented the Mexica point of view, itself an enormous insight into the complex politics of pre-colonial Mexico. Martins, 2000. Updates? An intelligent essay that reviews all of the existing evidence on the impact of disease, especially smallpox, on the conquest of Mexico. If you have any queries about our upcoming curriculum resource links, please email:schools@ngkids.co.uk. Clendennen, Inga. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espaa. Like De Las Casas, Motolina saw himself as a protector of the indigenous peoples of New Spain and was horrified by the native populations high death rate during the conquest, as he estimated (probably erroneously) that half the population died in the 1520 epidemic. From Corts, Second Letter, 110-14. Hassler believes the Spaniards invented the sacrifice stories. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. Thus, various personal translations of the Codex Florentino became my primary source for the Mexica account of the conquest. From Mexica came the name for the city that superseded the Aztec capital and for the surrounding valley, which was applied later to the whole Mexican nation. explore and learn delivered straight to your inbox. Historia de las indias de Nueva-Espaa y isles de Tierra Firme. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. Obviously, this introduces its own problems of translation, which are divorced from the issues of translation addressed above. Microfilm. How did the Aztecs live? And the king said: Yes, I am Motecuhzoma. Then he stood up to welcome Corts; he came forward, bowed his head low and addressed him in these words: Our lord, you are weary. We use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. New Brunswich: Rutgers University Press, 1994. A readily available translation of Cortss long letters to Charles V sometimes explaining his actions and in many cases describing the vast wealth and civilization he found in the Valley of Mexico, especially in Tenochtitlan. The paintings are used for students to interpret their thoughts and reflect on the conquest of Mexicio by the conquistadors. These reports include the voices of Aztec authors from central Mexico, who offer us vital testimonies of adaptation and resilience. A natural response to the multiple catastrophes befalling the colonial-era Aztecs would have been despair. Edited and Trans. Edited by Manuel Romero de Terrerosa. Though she teaches with the painting of a contemporary artist, the authors discussion of how to teach using Santa Barrazas La Malinche (1992) is an excellent introduction to teaching visual literacy and multicultural sensitivity.
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