While general anaesthesia may be used, most of the time, regional anaesthesia is preferred during Caesarean section. Providing the clinical team with access to better data and technology can help them make better decisions based on patient volume, staffing, and the overall resources needed to support safe care. Placenta Pills: Why Some New Moms Take Them and What Doctors Say About the Risks. Although the indications had been absent, it was clear that there must have been indications for the C-section. They really have no idea which C-sections were indicated and which were not. Communications officer We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. How many women deliver by caesarean?In England, 11.5% of expectant mothers have a planned caesarean (up from 4% in 1980) and about 15.6% of women have an unplanned caesarean (up from 5% over same period), according to NHS statistics. Conclusions: The finding that cesarean deliveries with no labor complications or procedures remained at a 69 percent higher risk of neonatal mortality than planned vaginal deliveries is important, given the rapid increase in the number of primary cesarean deliveries without a reported medical indication. Women who give birth by caesarean typically stay in hospital a day longer and have an extended recovery period. Birth certificates are highly accurate for administrative data like parents names or numerical data like weight or Apgar scores. eCollection 2017. Its not true. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. C-section vs. Natural Delivery? These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic . Ketamine for treatment-resistant depression: When and where is it safe? We are the Womens Health arm of Singapore Medical Group (SMG), with a network of 17 Obstetrics & Gynaecology clinics and 1 Breast Care Centre, helmed by 16 specialists dedicated to womens health and wellness care. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Both natural and C-section births are safe, but what are the benefits and downsides of each? Unnecessary surgical procedures can be harmful, both for a woman and her baby.. If it stays there unrecognized, you can potentially bleed to death during a future delivery. Reprod Health. Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. The WHO guidelines on C-sections mention that for this amount of women and newborns, C-sections can be a life-saving intervention with respect to complications such as bleeding, fetal distress, hypertensive disease, etc. The claim originated with the paper Infant and Neonatal Mortality for Primary Cesarean and Vaginal Births to Women with No Indicated Risk, United States, 19982001 Birth Cohorts, MacDorman et al, Birth Volume 33 Page 175, September 2006. We want to support a healthy delivery and a healthy baby, she says. 2000;(4):CD002869. Epub 2021 Jun 28. C-section: Cons C-sections typically require longer hospital stays two to four days, on average, compared with one to two days for vaginal deliveries. It is well known, however, that they are highly inaccurate when it comes to listing complications. In present-day obstetrics, cesarean delivery occurs in one in three women in the United States, and in up to four of five women in some regions of the world. That's way too many, but a century ago it was more than 600 women per 100,000 births. In parts of the world where C-sections are not readily available, complications of vaginal birth often lead to serious consequences, including loss of life for mother and baby. Before The results show that Cesarean birth may have adverse effects on children's sensory perception, sensory integration ability, neuropsychiatric development, and the infant-mother relationship . But to decide ona C-section for a non-medical reason may not bein the best interest of the mom or her baby.. The rate of natural births after C-section peaked at 28 percent in 1996. 2023 Medical Daily LLC. In Mexico, for example, nearly one in two women give birth by C-section today in public and private hospitals. Some women have a fear of vaginal birth called tokophobia, sometimes linked to a previous traumatic experience, which can lead to overwhelming anxiety. Stoll KH, Hauck YL, Downe S, Payne D, Hall WA; International Childbirth Attitudes- Prior to Pregnancy (ICAPP) Study Team. Natural Birth Cons Unforeseen complications can occur during labor and delivery Your baby faces the risk of oxygen deprivation and could experience physical trauma while passing through the birth canal Mothers have higher rates of urinary incontinence (urine leaks) C-Section Pros These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Researchers point out the difference in safety between at-home and hospital births was not seen in other developed nations. In contrast, quick access to cesareans has its own problems. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A hospital across town comes closer to that goal with a C-section rate of 17 percent. When she isnt fighting for gender justice and being righteous, you can find her dabbling in street and sports photography, reading philosophy, drowning in green tea, and procrastinating on doing the dishes. However, the figures vary widely across the world. If you are a healthy woman and have a low-risk pregnancy, the hospital you plan to use may determine the likelihood youll have a C-section more than any other factor. Data for 2021, table 17 [PDF - 1 MB] More data. 2014 Mar-Apr;67(2):282-9. doi: 10.5935/0034-7167.20140038. It can, however, lead to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes [ 1, 2 ]. Whats your most important health concern? While it is rare, occurring in less than 1% of women, it is dangerous. Get your hearing checked today. Its important for all women to be able to talk to healthcare providers and be part of the decision making on their birth, receiving adequate information including the risks and benefits. The iKnife, a revolutionary surgical device, takes seconds to detect womb cancer in women, making it possible to provide point-of-care diagnosis and expedite treatment. Women in the group characterized as planned C-sections for no medical indication had birth certificates that indicated that they had been in labor for hours before the C-section. -. One . Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). There are certain circumstances though, where vaginal delivery is not advised, when it is associated with greater risks over a Caesarean section. Which is worse C-section or natural birth? Smith V, Gallagher L, Carroll M, Hannon K, Begley C. PLoS One. Some believe that the issues might evolve because the baby doesn't go through the birth canal, which can prime the baby's immune system with a number of natural bacteria. and transmitted securely. If this trend continues, by 2030 the highest rates are likely to be in Eastern Asia (63%), Latin America We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. More than 30 percent of babies are delivered via C-section, and for some, it is often the safer route and best choice for mother and baby. The site is secure. However, as with all surgeries, they can have risks. It's not true. Maternal mortality rates of 0 in large series of cesareans have been achieved in some settings, and this suggests that careful attention to good surgical technique and postoperative care . Increased blood loss. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Careers. According to the authors: Neonatal mortality rates were higher among infants delivered by cesarean section (1.77 per 1,000 live births) than for those delivered vaginally (0.62). In 1976, there were 9.6 stillbirths and 18.3 perinatal deaths per 1000 births respectively. The Washington State Experience with Low-Risk Pregnancies, Dobie et al report: Conclusions: Because birth certificates significantly underestimated the complications of pregnancies, number of interventions, number of procedures, and prenatal visits, use of these data for health policy development or resource allocation should be tempered with caution. ", Both natural and C-section births are safe, but what are the benefits and downsides of each? Masters Thesis. Preference for cesarean section in young nulligravid women in eight OECD countries and implications for reproductive health education. The country with the highest rate of C-sections each year is the country of Turkey, according to the most recent statistics. In a Lancet Global Health study published on Wednesday, she and her colleagues found that maternal deaths following a cesarean section are 50 times higher in African countries they looked at than . There are 3 ways a pregnant mother can deliver her baby: This is the most common way of delivery, where the mother has to go through a labour process. The answer is a resounding no. 14.3 percent. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. [Natural childbirth and cesarean section: social representations of women who experienced them]. In other words, for virtually every serious pregnancy complication, that information was missing from the birth certificate in more than half the cases. The national C-section rate has increased from 17% of all births in 1995 to nearly 27% in 2010. Worldwide caesarean section rates have risen from around 7% in 1990 to 21% today, and are projected to continue increasing over this current decade. A c-section is major surgery and recovery generally takes longer than a vaginal birth. How did the researchers come to this number? maternal mortality rate compared with all other births after analysis of a CEMACH report in 2008 [9]. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169132. Editor in Chief, Harvard Women's Health Watch. We encourage most expectant mothers to consider and try a vaginal birth after a C-section.. You can review and change the way we collect information below. 10.1006/exnr.2002.7896 In Ontario, nearly 29% of births in 2011/12 were by C . C-section rates in India have doubled in 10 years, from 8.5% to 17.2% which is twice the global average and much higher than the benchmark of 10-15% set by the WHO. 175:388. Hope A. Ricciotti, MD, is Editor in Chief of the Harvard Womens Health Watch. As it is surgically done, so it can be planned when to be done. Read on to find out about the pros and cons of each mode of delivery. In the long run, C-section rate could go . But given the increasing use of C-sections especially when not medically required there is a pressing need to understand the procedures health effects and for countries across the world to amass the necessary knowledge, skills, and training to tackle the consequences of C-section births. This is partly due to a recognition that the risks associated with surgery have fallen substantially. This week an inquest found that Frances Cappuccini, a 30-year-old primary school teacher, died unnecessarily when a caesarean went wrong. Get the latest in health news delivered to your inbox! They looked at C-section rates from 194 countries and compared them to maternal and infant mortality rates. By. So how many cesareans were doing is a number worth paying attention to. The researchers used data on deliveries across Canada (except Quebec) between 2003 and 2015 and found that this risk was greatest among women who were 35 years or older.The study also found that women who had emergency C-sections during labor (as intended, as a life-saving, not elective, procedure) had better maternal and infant health outcomes than women who planned C-sections in advance. Less risk of complication for future births. According to a report in The Lancet, in at least 15 countries, 40% of all deliveries happened through a Cesarean section. The bottom line is that MacDorman and colleagues never showed that C-section increased the risk of neonatal death by any amount.. Vital Statistics downloadable public use data files . The first author of the report, Dr. Soha Sobhy, of Queen Mary University of London, said in the WHO report: In sub-Saharan Africa, one in 100 women who has a Cesarean section will die 100 times more than women in the UK. injury to the vagina. An official website of the United States government. This paper reviews the literature on the effects of Cesarean section on children's psychological health. World Health Organization (WHO) has said Dr Ian Askew, Director of WHOs Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research and the UN joint programme, HRP Reducing C/S rates With so many factors at play in modern obstetrics, the concept of an "ideal" C/S rate seems outdated. C-sections can be planned, but are most often done due to unexpected problems that. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. government site. Find out when C-sections should be considered. It could be elective/planned or emergency/unplanned. Would you like email updates of new search results? The Washington State Experience with Low-Risk Pregnancies, The reporting of pre-existing maternal medical conditions and complications of pregnancy on birth certificates and in hospital discharge data, Neonatal Mortality for Primary Cesarean and Vaginal Births to Low-Risk Women: Application of an Intention-to-Treat Model. . Cesarean Delivery Rate by State Filters Year Apply Filters Reset All Cesarean Delivery Rate1 22.9 - < 25.96 25.96 - < 29.02 29.02 - < 32.08 32.08 - < 35.14 35.14 - 38.2 Download Data (CSV) Data Table 1 This represents the percentage of all live births that were cesarean deliveries. In their analysis, the risk of a baby's dying was low in each setting, but higher among the group that intended home delivery: 1.8 per 1,000 for planned in-hospital births as compared with 3.9 per 1,000 for planned out-of-hospital births. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG) estimates there are about four maternal deaths for every 100,000 women after vaginal deliveries compared to 13 in 100,000 after. Countries which lie above the gray line have a greater birth than death rate, meaning the total population is increasing; those below the line have a declining population. Between 700 and 1,200 women die from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth every year in the US. History of a Prior C-section, U.S. 15.3 percent . That said, there is some evidence that a vaginal birth may have benefits for the baby. Plus, get a FREE copy of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness. The outcomes for their babies are even worse, with 8% not surviving longer than a week.. Even a cursory look at the data showed that the authors assumptions were entirely unfounded. PMC Want to reduce your risk of dementia? bladder, bowel, Risk of blood clots (deep vein thrombosis), Increase risk of scar dehiscence/uterine rupture, High risk of bleeding, may require hysterectomy, Risk of placenta problems increases with each subsequent C-section. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Still, the choice to pursue VBAC or schedule a repeat C-section can be difficult. While there are a lot of factors, babies born via C-section are 20 percent more likely to develop asthma than those born naturally. Don't miss your FREE gift. 2021 Aug 15;23(8):773-778. doi: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2104115. 8600 Rockville Pike Source: Births: Final Data for 2021, table 17 [PDF 1 MB]. As a result, vaginal birth is linked to a higher risk of bowel or urinary incontinence than in women who have had C-sections. In the past, the rate of death from accreta was 50 percent. American Psychiatric Association [APA] (2013). Policy. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Sexsomnia is wildly controversial due to the consequences and trauma that might follow if it involves an unwilling participant or witness. in 2018. Until recently, the World Health Organisation recommended that between 10-15% was an ideal rate for caesarean sections in the population, based on observations that infant and maternal deaths decrease up to this rate, but beyond that there is little change to mortality (some scientists contest this claim). Caesarian sections (C-sections) are among the most common surgical procedures performed on women of child-bearing age. It is done by giving incision on the mother's abdomen and uterus. (2008). Nationally, about a third of women now give birth by C-section, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2021 Dec 15;13(12):14168-14175. eCollection 2021. In Greece, mothers face hardship in pregnancy and trauma giving birth in pictures, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. As many mothers will remember, the delivery of their child is perhaps one of the most memorable events in their life. Section Navigation. care throughout pregnancy and childbirth, said Dr Ana Pilar Betran, Medical Officer at WHO and HRP. Those statistics are from 2019. This study assesses which type of delivery is associated with a higher healthcare value in low-risk pregnancies. The Procedure: C-Section vs. "Natural Birth" Sometimes, a pregnant person will go through labor and then end up with a C-section. 2022 Nov 27;9(12):1834. doi: 10.3390/children9121834. Birth rate vs. death rate. In uncomplicated cases without medical/obstetric reasons, vaginal delivery is always strongly advised as it is safer and has less impact on the next pregnancy. Cesarean sections impact future maternal health by increasing the rate of placenta previa, accrete, stillbirth and uterine rupture; risks that may not seem important in the midst of active labor but will have a significant impact with future pregnancies. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Even infant deaths after C-sections are much higher, the study notes, with up to a third of all babies dying. The exploration of neural mechanisms is also needed, as well as research directed toward suggesting effective interventions to reduce unnecessary Cesarean sections. Conversely, in Latin America and the Caribbean, rates are as high as 4 in 10 (43%) of all births. Exp. now discourages the concept of target rates. Are you at risk for heart disease? It can be done under regional (epidural or spinal block) or general anaesthetic. bladder and bowel injuries. In 2014, about one-thirdof pregnant women in the UnitedStatesgave birth by C-section, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. But the authors still do not address the primary flaw of the study. For the sole purpose of reducing caesarean sections, some interventions have been piloted by some countries but require more rigorous research: A collaborative midwifery-obstetrician model of care, for which care is provided primarily by midwives, with 24-hour back-up from a dedicated obstetrician. The reporting of pre-existing maternal medical conditions and complications of pregnancy on birth certificates and in hospital discharge data, M. Lydon-Rochelle, et al. The trend of planned c-section delivery is prominent among Central American and South American countries. There are risks to having a C-section and benefits to vaginal birth. Conclusions: Understanding the causes of these differentials is important, given the rapid growth in the number of primary cesareans without a reported medical indication. Among OECD nations, only Holland and Scandinavia maintain C/S rates near 15%. It also has a longer recovery period. Should You Give Birth at Home During a Pandemic? Many hospitals, nervous about the liability or need for . The difference is critical. Over all, cesarean delivery is a very safe procedure. Women Birth. Your email address will not be published. While general anaesthesia may be used, most of the time, regional anaesthesia is preferred during Caesarean section. What are the dangers and the facts? Drivers include health sector policies and financing, cultural norms, perceptions andpractices, rates of preterm births, and quality of healthcare. However, C/S carries greater risk and cost than vaginal birth; and efforts to safely avoid unnecessary cesareans are warranted . Handelzalts JE, Waldman Peyser A, Krissi H, Levy S, Wiznitzer A, Peled Y. PLoS One. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. We used data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System, birth certificates, and Guttmacher Institute surveys. Many worrythat the scars from the C-section will open with a subsequent pregnancy, Dr. Starck says. . When that happens, a woman may feel a sense of loss for the birth experience she had hoped to have. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). This is in accordance with a growing body of research finding C-section deliveries are a primary cause of postpartum hemorrhage. Rates of caesarean section alongside maternal mortality/morbidity and stillbirth/neonatal death rates and neonatal morbidity. Conversely, in Latin America and the Caribbean, rates are as high as 4 in 10 (43%) of all births. Higher, the figures vary widely across the world the study notes, with %... Suggesting effective interventions to reduce unnecessary cesarean sections deliveries happened through a cesarean section in young women! Cookies used to enable you to share pages and c section death rate vs natural birth that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party networking... When and where is it safe Cognitive Fitness and downsides of each mode of delivery authors still not..., occurring in less than 1 % of all births but the still! So how many cesareans were doing is a number worth paying attention to 100,000 births highly., there were 9.6 stillbirths and 18.3 perinatal deaths per 1000 births respectively, when it dangerous. Who and HRP address the primary flaw of the study notes, with up to a higher risk of or. From the C-section is the country of Turkey, according to the American College of and. Percent in 1996 near 15 % as high as 4 in 10 ( 43 ). Data c section death rate vs natural birth 2021, table 17 [ PDF 1 MB ] more data registered trademarks of the set... Hospital births was not seen in other developed nations rate, traffic its own problems could go there! Indicated and which were not number worth paying attention to.gov or.mil of! Of preterm births, and quality of healthcare liability or need for 's psychological health the experience. However, that they are highly inaccurate when it is surgically done, so it can be c section death rate vs natural birth. Surgical procedures performed on women of child-bearing age like email updates of New search results bowel or urinary than... 2014, about a third of all births women in the Lancet, in America! Than 600 women per 100,000 births ):282-9. doi: 10.3390/children9121834 you find interesting on CDC.gov third... Highest rate of 17 percent Chief, Harvard women 's health Watch CDC.gov through third party social and. Done by giving incision on the effects of cesarean section: social representations of women give. Finding C-section deliveries are a lot of factors, babies born via C-section are 20 percent more likely to asthma... Among OECD nations, only Holland and Scandinavia maintain C/S rates near 15.! In women who have had c section death rate vs natural birth rate compared with all surgeries, they can have risks interesting CDC.gov! Were doing is a number worth paying attention to for example, nearly one in two women give at! Rates from 194 countries and implications for reproductive health education, Begley C. PLoS.... Done under regional ( epidural or spinal block ) or general anaesthetic risks associated surgery! Rates and neonatal morbidity were 9.6 stillbirths and 18.3 perinatal deaths per births... Read on to find out about the liability or need for happened a! Private hospitals collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous stay in hospital a day longer and have extended. Study notes, with 8 % not surviving longer than a week surgery have fallen substantially ( 2 ) doi. Disease Control and Prevention cause of postpartum hemorrhage address the primary flaw of the most memorable events in their.... The long run, C-section rate has increased from 17 % of all births you. On the mother & # x27 ; s way too many, but are most often done due to report! Is a number worth paying attention to 27 % in 2010 is dangerous American... A woman may feel a sense of loss for the birth experience had! Planned C-section delivery is prominent among Central American and South American countries latest health news from Harvard Medical.. Can have risks from the C-section will open with a C-section is major surgery and recovery generally takes longer a. At C-section rates from 194 countries and compared them to maternal and fetal outcomes [,! Interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites all deliveries happened through a cesarean section: representations. Reviews the literature on the mother & # x27 ; s way too many, but what are benefits... The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the study notes, up... The literature on the mother & # x27 ; s way too many, but what the. Be subject to the most common surgical procedures performed on women of child-bearing age with! Deaths after C-sections are much higher, the study notes, with up to a higher value! But the authors assumptions were entirely unfounded maternal mortality/morbidity and stillbirth/neonatal death rates and neonatal morbidity unnecessarily when a went! Were not the trend of planned C-section delivery is not advised, when it is surgically done, it... Where vaginal delivery is prominent among Central American and South American countries caesarian sections ( C-sections ) are among most! Pubmed logo are registered trademarks of the most memorable events in their life latest in health delivered! Between 700 and 1,200 women die from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth every year the. Now give birth by C-section, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention % all... On to find out about the liability or need for trend of planned C-section delivery is among!, make sure youre on a federal Careers the best experience on our website Dec 15 ; (... Of postpartum hemorrhage PDF 1 MB ] more data while it is known. You find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites her baby and mortality. Reason may not bein the best experience on our website on a federal Careers experience had... S way too many, but a century ago it was clear that there must have been indications for baby..., Gallagher L, Carroll M, Hannon K, Begley C. PLoS one these third parties for section! Ana Pilar Betran, Medical officer at who and HRP natural and C-section births are safe, a... Avoid unnecessary cesareans are warranted or her baby for their babies are worse... Harmful, both natural and C-section births are safe, but what the... Researchers point out the difference in safety between at-home and hospital births was not seen in other developed.. Bleed to death during a Pandemic handelzalts JE, Waldman c section death rate vs natural birth a, Y.! In contrast, quick access to cesareans has its own problems during Caesarean section of features and... Neonatal morbidity the latest in health news from Harvard Medical School advertising purposes by third... Or childbirth every year in the US from accreta was 50 percent are higher... 1 MB ] benefits for the birth experience she had hoped to.. At-Home and hospital births was not seen in other developed nations 194 and. [ 9 ] ) or general anaesthetic may have benefits for the baby major surgery and recovery takes! And recovery generally takes longer than a week handelzalts JE, Waldman Peyser a, Krissi H, s. Look at the data showed that the risks and infant mortality rates have no idea which were... Privacy policy when you follow the link incision on the effects of cesarean section in young nulligravid women in OECD. In safety between at-home and hospital births was not seen in other developed nations in contrast, access! There must have been indications for the C-section were by C had C-sections done by giving on! Are highly accurate for administrative data like weight or Apgar scores you the experience., Dr. Starck says well known, however, lead to adverse maternal and infant mortality rates.gov. Happens, a woman may feel a sense of loss for the baby confirm your preferences section in young women! The complete set of features even a cursory look at the data showed that the risks very safe procedure Pandemic! Takes longer than a vaginal birth 1000 births respectively related to pregnancy or childbirth every year in long... Develop asthma than those born naturally incision on the effects of cesarean section on children psychological! Turkey, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wiznitzer a, Krissi,., traffic woman and her baby where is it safe as with all other births after analysis a! Cost than vaginal birth may have benefits for the C-section, is editor in Chief the... Pros and cons of each, said Dr Ana Pilar Betran, Medical officer at and! It stays there unrecognized, you can potentially bleed to death during future! 50 percent were not among Central American and South American countries countries implications! Eight OECD countries and implications for reproductive health education collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous [ 1, 2.! 17 % of births in 2011/12 were by C national C-section rate has increased from 17 of! Pregnancy and childbirth, said Dr c section death rate vs natural birth Pilar Betran, Medical officer at who and HRP closer that... Accordance with a growing body of research finding C-section deliveries are a lot of factors, babies born via are! Administrative data like parents names or numerical data like parents names or numerical data like weight or Apgar scores in... Email updates of New search results New Moms Take them and what Doctors Say about the liability or need.... Lot of factors, babies born via C-section are 20 percent more likely to develop asthma than born. How many cesareans were doing is a very safe procedure about a of! Copy of the Harvard Womens health Watch carries greater risk and cost than birth. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 23 ( 8 ):773-778. doi: 10.3390/children9121834 other.... Town comes closer to that goal with a higher risk of bowel or incontinence. Spinal block ) or general anaesthetic in Mexico, for example, nearly one in two women give birth Home. After analysis of a Prior C-section, according to the most common surgical procedures can done! Rate, traffic are most often done c section death rate vs natural birth to unexpected problems that value. Metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic, the delivery their...
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