Loading...

Get updates on events, literary awards, free expression issues, and global news. In his essay "Coming into Language," Jimmy Santiago Baca uses his personal experiences to demonstrate how much crossing the border of language can change a person and show them new ways of expressing themselves. When Jimmy Santiago Baca was 20, he was convicted of drug charges and sentenced to prison. Ashamed of not understanding and fearful of asking questions, I dropped out of school in the ninth grade. A topic the author brushes upon is education and where it lies in society. There is also the population who can not simply afford to get an education. His shrill screams raked my nerves like a hacksaw on bone, the desperate protest of his dignity against their inhumanity. 0000007849 00000 n The only reality was the swirling cornucopia of images in my mind, the voices in the air. Everybody was on the same page. This was my first journal. He put a strong emphasis on pathos and ethos to show how unfair life was to him before the evolution of his literacy. He had picked my name from a list of cons who had no one write to them. And, for the first time, the child in me who had witnessed and endured unspeakable terrors cried out not just in impotent despair, but with the power of language. I have gained through the process of growing up as an educator. I believed what I wrote, because I wrote what was true. Irony is one of the most important rhetorical devices skillfully used by Baca to effectively express his hardships and sorrows in his life. An Analysis of Coming into Language by Jimmy Santiago Baca Summary. The word first, shows Bacas achievement of being able to write. Never solid ground beneath me, never a resting place. I was empty, as I have never, before or since, known emptiness. writing task easier. Before I was eighteen, I was arrested on suspicion of murder after refusing to explain a deep cut on my forearm. The child in the dark room of my heart, who had never been able to find or reach the light switch, flicked it on now; and I found in the room a stranger, myself, who had waited so many years to speak again. I could hear the jailer making his rounds on the other tiers. The word was the ember and the forest was my life. Hardcover, 251 pages. I enjoyed the quiet, away from the screams of shotgunned, knifed, and mangled kids writhing on gurneys outside the operating rooms. " Coming into Language " provides a culturally relevant literacy narrative that reflects Baca's obstacles encountered in school and prison, ultimately culminating with his discovery of both. 304 solutions. As we also know that Baca is a Chicano writer, and his experience as a migrant worker has shaped his writing. They were wrong, those others, and now I could say it. By: Jimmy Santiago Baca March 3, 2014. The poem contrasts the hopes and dreams of immigrants who are, or become like prisoners, 'so long gone from life itself.' . I found verbal expression to be my own. This week Lauren talks to award winning poet Jimmy Santiago Baca, internationally known for his lyrical, politically-charged verse.Of Apache and Chicano ancestry, Baca was convicted on drug charges at the age of twenty-one and spent six and a half years in prison, where he found his voice as a poet through correspondence with Denise Levertov. Jimmy Santiago Baca's poem "Coming into Language" is a great example of how language can be a powerful tool for people who come from disadvantaged backgrounds. Irony is one of the most important rhetorical devices skillfully used by Baca to effectively express his hardships and sorrows in his life. In fact, there is a way to get an original essay! Through a series of short stanzas, Baca's speaker addresses an unknown listener. Jimmy Santiago Baca shows how important it is for people to find their voice and to use language as a way to empower themselves.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'benjaminbarber_org-banner-1','ezslot_12',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-benjaminbarber_org-banner-1-0'); Bacas life was filled with obstacles and suffering, after which he dropped out of high school. Some of the principal actors lived with real-life gang members while researching their roles. 0000012016 00000 n Baca explains what life has put him through because of his minority status along with the inability to read, write, and speak the English language well. "Coming Into Language" spoke about the many hardships Baca faced in his life. For this specific essay that I read it is based on the effects of language and its values. In a hearing culture, a person undoubtedly thinks of the word literature as meaning a written form of storytelling. By clicking Send, you agree to our Baca's tone throughout this short essay is perseverance. This was not because I did not understand the movie or was not intelligent enough to contribute to the discussion but simply because I felt that I did not belong in their conversation and was worried about them judging what I had to say. Coming in search of a better life for them and the following generations after. This is quite the opposite of the previously mentioned metaphor since he mentions a negative aspect of writing. Jimmy Santiago Baca shows how important it is for people to find their voice and to use language as a way to empower themselves. Writers normally use irony as a way to enhance their writing, to make the reader think about the text, and to put humor and make the literary piece more interesting to read. Born in 1952 in Santa Fe of Chicano and Apache descent, Jimmy Santiago Baca was abandoned by his parents and at 13 ran away from the orphanage where his grandmother had placed him. Baca did the same when it came to his writing, he did not hold back any ideas, thoughts or emotions in fear of what people would say about him. Baca is probably trying to reach out to people in the same situation he was once in as a young child. Coming into Language. His goal with this statement is to bring forth sympathy through carefully selecting words such as, free, escape, indulge, and embrace. These are all words that represent discovering and expressing yourself, which is something all readers can and want to relate to. Bacas other poetry titles include Healing Earthquakes (2001), C-Train & 13 Mexicans (2002), Winter Poems Along the Rio Grande (2004), and Spring Poems Along the Rio Grande (2007). Such as, Literacy begins; play, language, and literate behavior: A natural partnership; fostering literate behaviors; Honoring the importance of literate behaviors; languages and literacy learning in the primary grades: The motivation power; Dynamic approaches to promoting literacy through play. and figure out a title and outline for your paper. Writing bridged my divided life of prisoner and free man. Poems to integrate into your English Language Arts classroom. My tongue would not move, saliva drooled from the corners of my mouth. In his essay "Coming into Language," Jimmy Santiago Baca uses his personal experiences to demonstrate how much crossing the border of language can change a person and show them new ways of expressing themselves. 1071 Words 5 Pages Good Essays Read More The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me As I take you back into the past of how literacy has grown inside me. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/a-critical-analysis-of-coming-into-language-by-jimmy-santiago-baca-bBHTpDSW Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. Until then, I had felt as if I had been born into a raging ocean where I swam relentlessly, flailing my arms in hope of rescue, of reaching a shoreline I never sighted. In each of these paragraphs either the first word or the first sentences contains the word illiterate. His repetition of the word illiteracy is used to create almost like it is a chronic disability. Baca compares his experiences and feelings to certain objects, so his readers will get a clear sense of what he was going through. Poverty is a problem that many people face all over the world. He paid me with a pack of smokes. He tells them that they should take "this poem" and regard it as a place of safety and warmth. I was now capable of killing, coldly and without feeling. Coming Into Language by Jimmy Santiago Baca If I had not learned to be this person, I would have missed out on so many opportunities and friendships. 0000004271 00000 n (JSB). The history of my literacy has been a long road of a frustration and learned lessons. Immigrants in Our Own Land (1979, 1991) was Bacas first significant collection, one based on his imprisonment. On weekend graveyard shifts at St. Joseph's Hospital I worked the emergency room, mopping up pools of blood and carting plastic bags stuffed with arms, legs and hands to the outdoor incinerator. Baca wants his audience to sympathize with him, however I do not fully conform to this emotion because writing does not have this effect on me. The following post is excerpted from "Jimmy Santiago Baca: Poetry as Lifesaver," an article by Rob Baker from the March 2008 Council Chronicle.. Chicano poet Jimmy Santiago Baca was born with rattlesnake poison in his blood.. I could hear the jailer making his rounds on the other tiers. It was during this time that he began to write poetry. I was further able to relate to Baca when he made the decision to educate himself. Essay Writing Guide. ?0MzE[G~_=c_h~l%eTK endstream endobj 197 0 obj 1100 endobj 198 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 197 0 R >> stream Jimmy Santiago Bacaan American poet of Chicano descentpublished "I Am Offering This Poem" in 1979. "COMING INTO LANGUAGE" by Jimmy Santiago Baca portrays how literacy can bring light into life and forever changed a person's world. Baca holds a BA in English and an honorary PhD in literature from the University of New Mexico. Poetry Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach 506 W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues 541 W. H. Auden, Muse des Beaux Arts 471 W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen 403 Jimmy Santiago Baca, There Are Black 564 Jan Beatty, A Waitress's Instructions on Tipping 620 Jeanne Marie Beaumont, Afraid So 622 George Bilgere, Like Riding a Bicycle 585 Elizabeth Bishop, One Art 542 William Blake, The Lamb 494 William Blake . I enjoyed the quiet, away from the screams of shotgunned, knifed, and mangled kids writhing on gurneys outside the operating rooms. "Who Understands Me but Me" is one such poem that Jimmy Santiago Baca wrote in prison. An example of the usage of this tone is when Baca says, I had been steeped in self-loathing and rejected by everyonegod and demons. In the poem, Jimmy Santiago Baca talks about his struggles with reading and writing, which were a result of him not going to school regularly as a child. . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Jimmy Santiago Baca, Jimmy Santiago Baca -2, Jimmy Santiago Baca -grandmother -orphanage and more. If it was not for the tongue, it would be a very quiet world. For the first time in years I felt grass and earth under my feet. 186 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 188 /H [ 947 284 ] /L 102599 /E 12944 /N 7 /T 98760 >> endobj xref 186 26 0000000016 00000 n This image makes us feel that, despite the pain of death, life is still beautiful and worth living. Correct writing styles (it is advised to use correct citations) Terms of serviceand Ever since Jim was a young individual he has been in and out of jail and roamed the . Baca began writing poetry which became his emotional outlet and allowed him to openly express himself. Though Baca's job involved transporting various body parts, and cleaning up blood in the ER, this sounds almost pleasant when compared to what he would experience later in his story. Before long I was frayed like rope carrying too much weight, that suddenly snaps. He was convicted on drug charges in 1973 and spent five years in prison. 4th ed. Slowly I enunciated the wordsp-o-n-d, ri-pple. iv;ae(Y&=vD:8N!UUlXm,7qe,1G/,^*|9^]m)7}c)AtW88 &kFZ{]G?W/7;^V EA][6?MTDo;I>O:mRjIt;"HB]x*BG$Bp*"Ap KxJ+GIt"Q1:7P*4Q.^p?#Di! He was convicted on drug charges in 1973 and spent five years in prison. Language made bridges of fire between me and everything I saw. In this essay we will explore personal experiences of both Malcom X in A Homemade Education and, Learning to read and write by Fredrick Douglas. Baca spent around six years in prison (1973-1979) and eventually became self-taught literate (poets.org). Sofia, I would always come back to my real first love. As an education major, I believed that literacy was an ability to learn how to read and write. Baca uses a remorseful tone to help achieve his purpose of conveying his loneliness in a scholarly manner. Even as I tried to convince myself that I was merely curious, I became so absorbed in how the sounds created music in me and happiness, I forgot where I was. In Gloria Anzaldas the short story, How to Tame a Wild Tongue, she describes her upbringing and growing up in a dual culture society split in two. So great is its grip that 80% of the worlds population is affected by it, and thousands of people perish every year as a result. Styrofoam cups of urine and hot water were hurled at me. There was nothing so humiliating as being unable to express myself, and my inarticulateness increased my sense of jeopardy. A self titled "Chicano," Baca felt the cultural prejudice . Gloria Anzalda, Jimmy Santiago Baca, Martn Espada and Pedro Pietri, as well as less well-known writers who deserve more recognition. For instance, when Alexie introduces how he learned to read, he states: The words themselves were mostly foreign, but I still remember the exact moment when I first understood, with a sudden clarity, the purpose of a paragraph. In making this comment, Alexie magnifies the impact reading would have for his future. But what makes this poem really special is the fact that it is also full of hope. Then, he steals a book from one of the guards and with that book he learns to read. Copyright 1990 by Jimmy Santiago Baca. I had been steeped in self-loathing and rejected by everyone and everythingsociety, family, cons, God and demons. Suddenly, through language, through writing, my grief and my joy could be shared with anyone who would listen. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Jimmy Santiago Baca overcame poverty and went on to become a successful writer. And I could do this all alone; I could do it anywhere. At the beginning, he opens up by illustrating the job he had when was only seventeen. My life had compressed itself into an unbearable dread of being. A boys education is very important (Benitez 73). Feeling "intimidated and vulnerable, ridiculed and scorned" (749) due to his inability to express himself, Baca, though innocent of the charge of murder, was thrown into jail. Baca has won numerous awards for his writing, including the American Book Award and the PEN/Faulkner Award.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'benjaminbarber_org-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_11',109,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-benjaminbarber_org-large-leaderboard-2-0'); At the beginning of the class, it was a wonderful experience to see our own writer reading Coming into Language. But, above all, it was an amazing opportunity to connect with the person behind those words. https://pen.org/event/community-engagement-journalism-exploring-what-it-means-in-the-newsroom-in-the-field/, Many, many congratulations to all of the longlisted, shortlisted and winner of the 2023 #PENAmericatranslationprize . Technical Writing for Success At seventeen years old, Baca was detained by the authorities as a murder suspect and years later after being released he was arrested again. Other things happened. If the reader doesnt understand the language, they are more likely to either research or use the surrounding text to understand what Anzalda is talking. many more come intimately close through the author's accounts' -The Hindu 'Candid and Jimmy Santiago Baca drew inspiration from his own life story when writing the script for this three-hour crime drama. Most of my life I felt like a target in the crosshairs of a hunters rifle. Each of these methods help convince the audience that, " Language is central to our experience of being human, and the languages we speak profoundly shapes the way we think, the way we see the world, the way we live our lives" (Boroditsky 10). Any musical piece is akin to a boulder with complex forms, with striations and engraved designs atop and within . Use our essays to help you with your writing 1 - 60. She concludes that her mother should not be judged based on her "watered down" English, and that people should be more accepting to those who cannot express their feelings in English. Alexies point in writing this sentence, is to demonstrate that learning to read requires perseverance. He talks about his Indian culture and the perception of people like himself. In the Encyclopedia of American Literature, Catherine Hardy wrote that the poems in the volume reveal an honest, passionate voice and powerful imagery full of the dark jewels of the American Southwest landscape (llanos, mesas, and chiles) and the chaotic urban landscape (nightclubs, rusty motors, and bricks) woven into a rich lyricism sprinkled with Spanish.. The bare white room with its fluorescent tube lighting seemed to expose and illuminate my dark and worthless life. 0000008847 00000 n Another being her Spanish Chicano culture, certain expectations and different regulations are required of her starting at a very young age, and throughout her life growing up in a Mexican-American family. essay and paper samples. I enjoyed the quiet, away from the screams of shotgunned, knifed, and mangled kids writhing on gurneys outside the operating . 0000001508 00000 n His memoir, A Place to Stand (2001), garnered the International Prize. Baca uses very simple, easy to understand vocabulary in his writing, which makes it less challenging to someone who was not taught to read at a high level. The book reflected back to us our struggle in a way that made us proud. I decided I wanted to be just like her and I was willing to give it a try. E-mail us: [emailprotected]. Just send us a Write my paper request. Back in my cell, for weeks I refused to eat. "Language is a uniquely human gift central to our experience of being human" she explains, so that the reader understands how language affects ones thoughts and day to day lives (2). It was published in the collection, Immigrants in Our Own Land and Selected Early Poems (1990). But the detectives just laughed as he tried to rise and kicked him to his knees. What Kozol, instead of focusing how to help illiterate people to solve this problem, wants them to be portrayed as victims of society and people who are liberate. Graduateway.com is owned and operated by Radioplus Experts Ltd In this way, the speaker comes to terms with death, and he learns that death is something natural that happens to everyone. Ideal for the Pre-Ap course, Foundations of Language and Literature prepares ninth graders for future AP courses by teaching them to think like a writer as they build the foundational skills required to excel. A critical analysis of coming into language by jimmy santiago baca. A Critical Analysis of Coming Into Language by Jimmy Santiago Baca He used his thriving thirst for knowledge to help him escape from reality. You could buy guide Baca H Campus Chapter or acquire it as soon as feasible. 0000005675 00000 n He realized it was time to make a change to benefit himself in the same way I chose to become more outgoing. As more and more words emerged, I could finally rest: I had a place to stand for the first time in my life. A rhetorical device is used in writing to convey some kind of emotion or persuasion in the audience. Coming Into Language -Jimmy Santiago Baca- Summary The Author: Jimmy Santiago Baca Quotes "Ashamed of not understanding and fearful of asking questions, I dropped out of school in the ninth grade." (Paragraph 3) "Barrio" writer Ex-convict Taught himself to read and write in Jimmy Santiago Baca's "astonishing narrative" of his life before, during, and immediately after the years he spent in . "Coming Into Language" is a brilliantly written autobiography of Jimmy Santiago Baca, written by himself during his time in prison. 0000005653 00000 n 'I Am Offering this Poem' by Jimmy Santiago Baca is a love lyric that uses figurative language to depict poetry itself as a place of refuge. . Memories began to quiver in me, glowing with a strange but familiar intimacy in which I found refuge. All of us were amazed; this book told us we were alive. The island grew, with each page, into a continent inhabited by people I knew and mapped with the life I lived. And when they closed the books, these Chicanos, and went into their own Chicano language, they made barrio life come alive for me in the fullness of its vitality. Glorias Latino culture has brought along many challenging beliefs, even. I realized that my younger self was so quiet and timid because I did not know how to express myself and was worried about people judging me. Privacy statement. Santiago, in The Old Man and the Sea. Today you see many writers use their personal experiences to show portray the concept to the audience. Most of the time I went unnoticed and I was very content with things being that way but not this time. Want to receive an original paper on this topic? trailer << /Size 212 /Info 184 0 R /Root 187 0 R /Prev 98749 /ID[<249314da3a46c501ed06a8db6da47b74><249314da3a46c501ed06a8db6da47b74>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 187 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 183 0 R /Metadata 185 0 R >> endobj 210 0 obj << /S 123 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 211 0 R >> stream When I had been in the county jail longer than anyone else, I was made a trustee. Whole afternoons I wrote, unconscious of passing time or whether it was day or night. Wheather it is a work related obstacle or a school obstacle there are many possibilites and opportunities to over come these series obstacles. Request writing assistance from a top writer in the field! Cookouts, fireworks, and history lessons recounted in poems, articles, and audio. But, through my literacy autobiography and literacy experiences. i wrote a story and it won this prize! Writing was water that cleansed the wound and fed the parched root of my heart. One night in my third month in the county jail, I was mopping the floor in front of the booking desk. One morning, after a fistfight, I went to the unlocked and unoccupied office used for lawyer-client meetings, to think. He came from a broken home in a lower-class society, therefore his intention is to inspire and teach those who may be going through what he already did. Remember: This essay was written and uploaded by an The impact is even more amplified for individuals from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Basically, in this sentence Alexie introduces his subject: how he becomes who he is by learning to read as a Native American boy. In the essay Superman and Me, the author, Sherman Alexie recalls the time he first learned to read. Body Paragraph- Prior to reading and writing, Baca had no way of expressing himself and would most likely have kept his feelings bottled up. From Marta being raped to Don Justos daughter dying, there are twists and turns around every corner. When I asked her to make a trip into enemy territory to buy me a grammar book, she said she couldnt. Its quick and easy! 0000006624 00000 n It can shape their lives and make it difficult for them to succeed. Its about expressing yourself that includes your opinions and feelings. language-users interact with one another to achieve their goals. Through his stories readers see how even small amounts of education will drive people to want to learn more. Similarly in "Coming Into Language," Jimmy Santiago Baca discusses how, in spite of seemingly insurmountable obstacles, language became a powerful outlet through which his life was changed. Under my blanket I switched on a pen flashlight and opened the thick book at random, scanning the pages. When he . At the end of the school year, students have no energy left to complete difficult homework assignments. I can vividly remember a specific instance in elementary school during lunch. Language is a huge part of how we as humans communicate, and not being able to properly utilize this tool is deeply saddening. Jimmy Santiago Baca (born January 2, 1952) is an American poet, memoirist, and screenwriter from New Mexico. In Homemade Education written by Malcolm X, he too had elaborated on his awaking of language from his time in jail as well. Analysis of the Poem "I See You Dancing Father" by Brendan Kennelly Essay, Riders Song By Federico Garcia Lorca: Poem Analysis Essay, Pat Mora's La Migra: Poem Analysis Essay, Analysis Of The Poetry Of Taufiq Rafat: The Most Distinguished Pakistani Poet Essay, Analysis Of The Poetry Of Gabriela Mistral Essay, Review Of Gretel In Darkness Poem By Louise Glck Essay, Analysis Of The Good-Morrow By John Donne Essay, Analysis of Poetic Tools in Reibetanz Works Essay. There he learned to read and began writing poetry. 0000009579 00000 n Ambulance sirens shrieked and squad car lights reddened the cool nights, flashing against the hospital walls: grayred, grayred. Bulgaris Bulgarian reg.number: 206095338 We will occasionally Bacas usage of the words heartache, numbed, and cured are meant to make the readers feel sentimental. At the beginning, he opens up by illustrating the job he had when was only seventeen. Nursing Business and Economics Management Marketing +130. Jimmy Santiago Baca however discusses what . Similarly, to my experience, Baca went through, more or less, the same stages of self-expression as I did. Common Core State Standards Text Exemplars, [Yesterday, the sunshine made the air glow]. get the Baca H Campus Chapter associate that we come up with the money for here and check out the link. Dont Jan 27, 2019 The Texas teachers are some of the most kind and brilliant teachers, and I'm so honored that they welcomed me into there family. In the story "Coming Into Language" Jimmy Santiago Baca writes about him growing up in an empty environment and how him not making the right choices brought him a lot of hardships, but despite all that there is always a light at the end of the tunnel. This image makes us feel immediately the speakers pain.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'benjaminbarber_org-leader-1','ezslot_13',110,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-benjaminbarber_org-leader-1-0'); But then, we see how the speaker tries to understand what is happening: I was six years old, and I did not know then what death was. I also mentioned that if I had not learned to express myself, I would have passed up on many of lifes experiences without even realizing it. Here, Rodriguez implies that he must be a scholarship boy simply because the descriptions of a Scholarship boy matches his childhood being. This is where Benitezs message on education starts to form and the audience is faced with conflicting sides of education or staying to support. I stumblingly repeated the authors name as I fell asleep, saying it over and over in the dark: Words-worth, Words-worth. Baca was demonstrating how empowering and stable writing made him feel. There I met men, prisoners, who read aloud to each other the works of Neruda, Paz, Sabines, Nemerov, and Hemingway. By analyzing each part of this statement, each phrase gives significant meaning to the sentence as a whole. Poverty is much more than simply a lack of money; it causes depression, school dropouts, and even brain damage. I was twenty now, and behind bars again. Yet inside me a small voice cried out, I am fine! Bacas work is concerned with social justice and revolves around the marginalized and disenfranchised, treating themes of addiction, community, and the American Southwest barrios. From the time I was seven, teachers had been punishing me for not knowing my lessons by making me stick my nose in a circle chalked on the blackboard. Coming into language : essay from Working in the dark : reflections of a poet of the barrio by Jimmy Santiago Baca . I wrote back asking for a grammar book, and a week later received one of Mary Baker Eddys treatises on salvation and redemption, with Spanish and English on opposing pages. Synthesis: Jimmy Santiago Baca, in his essay "Coming into Language", uses figurative language and personal stories to bring awareness to the unjust treatment of Chicano prisoners and hopefully give people with similar experiences to him someone to relate to. However, as a whole this a great persuasive statement. Amy Tan's Mother Tongue and Jimmy Santiago Baca's Coming Into Language Tan goes on to explain what sociological impacts she experienced based on her upbringing. Baca thought that. A Response to "Coming into Language" In the book "Coming into Language", Jimmy Santiago Baca writes about how having a rough life and not making the right choices can bring tremendous results into peoples' lives, and that despite all, there will always be a light at the end of the tunnel. However, what seems to be a bit tricky is how to identify an individual who undergoes such transition of a complete assimilation. 0000000871 00000 n Poetry can affect our lives because the author shares with us his experience or thoughts through his work. Poverty is what makes Bacas writings more relatable and brilliant; he isnt dwelling on vehicles or resources, but rather on how he feels and what his interests are.

List Of Penn State Graduates By Year, Who Owns Frederica Golf Club?, Justin Harris Adoption, Articles J