This analogy is used for example in Greene 2000, p. 186. It did this by asserting that strings are really one-dimensional slices of a two-dimensional membrane vibrating in 11-dimensional spacetime. Esta página foi editada pela última vez às 02h16min de 16 de junho de 2020. But as it turns out, at least for SST, 10 dimensions work for fermions and 26 dimensions work for bosons. So to answer our question “How many dimensions are there?” we could say, “As many as it takes to make the theory work.” There could be an infinite number of dimensions. M-theory brought all of the string theories together. It is closely related to hyperbolic space, which can be viewed as a disk as illustrated on the left. If one considers a five-dimensional brane wrapped around these extra dimensions, then the brane looks just like a one-dimensional string. Higher-dimensional objects are much harder to mathematically calculate than a point in classical physics or a one-dimension string in string theory or two-dimensional membranes in M-theory. L'ensemble de règles qui décrit les interactions de toutes ces particules est le « modèle standard » en physique des particules. In a given version of string theory, there is only one kind of string, which may look like a small loop or segment of ordinary string, and it can vibrate in different ways. [16], The Kaluza–Klein theory and subsequent attempts by Einstein to develop unified field theory were never completely successful. (Nota extraída de: O Universo Numa Casca de Noz, Stephen W. Hawking, Ed. A Teoria do Tipo II(A), ao mesmo tempo que se relaciona simetricamente à Heterótica-E, relaciona simetricamente (a respeito do raio) com a teoria II(B), e a teoria Heterótica-E relaciona-se com a Heterótica-O da mesma maneira. In the real world, spacetime is four-dimensional, at least macroscopically, so this version of the correspondence does not provide a realistic model of gravity. [14] These efforts culminated in the formulation of Einstein's general theory of relativity, which relates gravity to the geometry of four-dimensional spacetime. [64], Typically, such models are based on the idea of compactification. Essa cadeia entre a Teoria do tipo I, Tipo II A e B, Heterótica O e E revelou, através do gênio incontestável de, talvez o maior cientista depois de Einstein (Witten), que há um padrão entre todas as teorias, e que todas elas são uma visão particular da mesma teoria. Superstring theory, M-theory and Bosonic string theory respectively posit that physical space has 10, 11 and 26 dimensions. Assim, quando se tornava difícil calcular a constante por meio de uma versão da teoria, usava-se a outra e vice-versa. In this last section, I would like to summarize for you the main points of the second revolution in string theory. Por muito tempo foi difícil haver uma percepção quântica da gravidade, devido principalmente ao espaço e seu frenesi e às particulas puntiformes. [42], In mathematics, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or other data. String theory describes how strings propagate through space and interact with each other. A matrix model describes the behavior of a set of matrices within the framework of quantum mechanics. You can also purchase this book at Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble. Esse espaço (circular) que mede R reflete um fato importantíssimo quanto à visão da Teoria-M. Por exemplo: num espaço de tamanho R a corda vibra pouco e oscila muito, enquanto num espaço de tamanho 1/R (o inverso do raio inicial) a corda vibra muito e oscila pouco. In some cases, by modeling spacetime in a different number of dimensions, a theory becomes more mathematically tractable, and one can perform calculations and gain general insights more easily. Music with moods which move you in more way than one. [7], Compactification is one way of modifying the number of dimensions in a physical theory. [62], The ABJM theory appearing in this version of the correspondence is also interesting for a variety of reasons. The word brane comes from the word "membrane" which refers to a two-dimensional brane. This theory describes the behavior of a set of nine large matrices. Physicists found that apparently distinct theories could be unified by mathematical transformations called S-duality and T-duality.

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