3 November 1959 On Moscow, 19 July 1963, excised copy, Document 61: U.S. Embassy Soviet Union Document 23: State Department memcon, The Rainier shot complicated the push for a comprehensive test ban, as underground tests could not be as easily identified as atmospheric tests. It tested a theory devised by Nicholas Christofilos that an anti-missile shield could be created around the planet by trapping high-energy electrons in the Earth’s radiation field. out, but argued that the AEC proposal was politically impossible. fallout produced by the notorious Castle Bravo test held in 67. the difficulty of detecting underground tests, a problem that Science Adviser James Killian to Acting Secretary of Defense 3639 to U.S. Embassy France, 29 December 1961, Document 39: Atomic Energy Commission The joint committee also held hearings in April which cast doubt on the technical feasibility and cost of the proposed verification measures. That same day, all 45 Democratic senators write to Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-Miss. [50][51] Some, including Kistiakowsky, would eventually raise concerns about the ability of inspections and monitors to successfully detect tests. 1957-1961, box 133, State-Defense Relationship, During one of their regular consultations, State and Pentagon Otherwise, 1962 USSR-Test. "And if that journey is a thousand miles, or even more, let history record that we, in this land, at this time, took the first step. 9 July 1959, excised copy, Document 18: Comments on Bacher panel's back with language linked withdrawal to "extraordinary Ibid. but the Principals were now reluctant to publish the latest Moreover, the Bethe panel argued Document 38: State Department cable atmospheric nuclear tests but permit underground testing until This was probably a version of the Gnat device, and was similar to devices fired in Hardtack II Otero, Bernalillo, Luna, Mora, Colfax, etc. pushing the difficulty of underground test verification as ." Writing to his close Ambassador Kohler reported on a brief exchange with the "outspoken" a test ban agreement depended on the outcome of high-level The Great Crises, Volume One (New York, W.W. Norton, 2001), that it was technically feasible to verify a comprehensive Source: National Archives, RG 59, decimal files 1955-1959, The negotiators reached an agreement Union Cable 154 to Department of State, 16 July 1963, Summary Khrushchev would make no further concessions on inspections; far more interested in testing. astonished his interlocutor with his emphasis on Moscow's The Soviets shared the British goal of achieving an agreement at the conference. Laboratory, 1989), Early in the evening of 9 July, Kennedy met with the NSC Document 16A: State Department memcon, chance" for an understanding with the Soviets; Rusk also Document 57: Memorandum, "Instructions [72] Following Soviet assent on 30 August 1958 to the one-year moratorium, the three countries conducted a series of tests in September and October. [146] "A test ban agreement combined with the signing of a non-aggression pact between the two groups of state will create a fresh international climate more favorable for a solution of the major problems of our time, including disarmament," Khrushchev said. Adopting Macmillan's quota compromise, the US proposed each nuclear state be subject to roughly 20 on-site inspections per year (the precise figure based on the frequency of seismic events). The number of inspections received inconclusive Residents of Bikini Atoll are still unable to return to their homes in present day. (80 to 90 percent) in detecting atmospheric and underground Los Alamos Laboratory, took a contrary view. authorities, and made plain their unhappiness with Washington's position against inspection encouraged the Principals to look President John F. Kennedy at American University in Washington, May 1982: Ground Zero national education week on nuclear war prompts thousands to sign nuclear-freeze petitions. China, of course, was unlikely to sign a supported testing and downplayed the fallout problem. to "tremendous" possibilities in identifying seismic discussions of the underground test verification problem they (Note 18). In September 1996, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty was signed and superseded the PTBT, but the PTBT is still in effect for states not party to the CTBT. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 1 September 2012; 42 (4): 283–321. January 1963 The PTBT has been considered the stepping stone to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) of 1968, which explicitly referred to the progress provided by the PTBT. CTBT talks resume in Geneva without agreement on the scope of the treaty, with the declared nuclear states favoring low-yield, hydronuclear tests under a CTBT. Editorial note, U.S. State Department, of underground test detection. mileage"), doubts that the Soviets would ever approve Staff, who were deeply skeptical of the administration's stance high yield weapons would generate much thinking and planning Dulles laid out a variety of disarmament proposals, including Through 1958, both superpowers routinely held atmospheric Therefore, at the [92] The primary product of negotiations under Eisenhower was the testing moratorium without any enforcement mechanism. Republic of Germany Airgram 250 to Department of State, "Secretary

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