H. S.J. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. This interactive guide to the U.S. Constitution provides the original text and an explanation of the meaning of each article and amendment. The 26th Amendment changed a portion of the 14th Amendment [31], On March 2, 1971, Bayh's subcommittee and the House Judiciary Committee approved the proposed constitutional amendment to lower the voting age to 18 for all elections. The National Constitution Center has chosen an epic approach, seeking to cover the full sweep of the women’s suffrage movement from the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention though the Constitutional amendment in 1920 and beyond. The guide is an excellent research tool for students to use to gain a deeper understanding of one of our nation’s founding documents and the establishment of the federal government. In 1963, the President's Commission on Registration and Voting Participation, in its report to President Johnson, encouraged lowering the voting age. At the U.S. Supreme Court, the four cases are combined into Oregon v. Mitchell. [9] Characteristics traditionally associated with youth--idealism, lack of "vested interests," and openness to new ideas--came to be seen as positive qualities for a political system that seemed to be in crisis.[9]. In 1971, the 26th Amendment is added to the Constitution, permanently lowering the voting age for all elections to 18. Smart conversation from the National Constitution Center. Ratification was completed on July 1, 1971, after the amendment had been ratified by the following thirty-eight states:[37]. In his own interpretation of Katzenbach, Nixon argued that to include age as something discriminatory would be too big of a stretch and voiced concerns that the damage of a Supreme Court decision to overturn the Voting Rights Act could be disastrous. This is the last amendment that deals with voting rights protections. Dwight D. Eisenhower, "Public Papers of the Presidents", January 7, 1954, p. 22. [20][21], The decision resulted in states being able to maintain 21 as the voting age in state and local elections, but being required to establish separate voter rolls so that voters between 18 and 20 years old could vote in federal elections. Richard Nixon, "Public Papers of the Presidents" June 22, 1970, p. 512. Section 1. [9] Professor William G. Carleton wondered why the vote was proposed for youth at a time when the period of adolescence had grown so substantially rather than in the past when people had more responsibilities at earlier ages. The U.S. government files cases against the states of Arizona and Idaho to seek compliance with the law. Every Thursday, we'll send you ways to help you live better and stay connected while we’re social distancing. [4] Opponents to extending the vote to youths questioned the maturity and responsibility of people at the age of 18. He goes on to introduce the amendment 11 more times during his 41-year career in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. Section 1. At the time of the ratification of the Constitution in 1788, most states limited voting to white, male citizens who were over the age of 21. The Twenty-sixth Amendment (Amendment XXVI) to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States who are at least eighteen years old. Johnson proposed an immediate national grant of the right to vote to 18-year-olds on May 29, 1968. ALEJANDRO A. ALVAREZ / Staff Photographer, many institutions in the region and around the country, Philadelphia’s Constitution Center planning big exhibition on 19th Amendment, which granted women right to vote, 100 years after 19th Amendment, voting rights and equality are still precarious | Editorial. [28], Senator Birch Bayh's subcommittee on constitutional amendments began hearings on extending voting rights to 18 year-olds in 1968. We found this handwritten speech by Mary Ann Shadd Cary at Howard University in D.C. She was the first Black female law graduate from Howard. [27] In his article, he claims that by passing the 1970 extension to the Voting Rights Act, Congress effectively forced the States to ratify the amendment lest they be forced to financially and bureaucratically cope with maintaining two voting registers. When you think of it in terms of generations, boy does that feel like a long time. [1] A common slogan of proponents of lowering the voting age was "old enough to fight, old enough to vote".[2]. That’s something that really gave me pause and makes me appreciate their efforts and how they continue to fight, after time and again being either turned away at the ballot box during Reconstruction if they tried to go vote to when they’re fighting in the courts and they’re petitioning Congress. A consensus begins to form around the notion that if 18-year-olds are old enough to fight for democracy abroad, they should be able to fully participate in democracy at home. In 1971, the 26th Amendment is added to the Constitution, permanently lowering the voting age for all elections to 18. Now the “The 19th Amendment: How Women Won the Vote,” will open on Wednesday. So, it’s such a beautiful speech that you see this story inserted into that narrative that we’re told, and it just adds so much breadth and depth to it that you can’t help but feel empowered. 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