In addition to the question wording above, respondents in the treatment group received information on an actor and its alleged position towards the climate agreement. This may reflect differences in general attitudes towards trade across the three countries. The strength of the framing effect, however, varies by country, with the United Kingdom showing the strongest effect. Lobbying is thus a substantial business. 2013). The members of the American Public Power Association (APPA), for example, are municipally owned electric utilities, rural electric cooperatives, and state power authorities. Figure 1 shows the mean responses to the question about TTIP approval by treatment group.1010 To calculate these means, I assumed that the seven‐point ordinal response scale is continuous (i.e., that I am dealing with equal interval data). Many have their national headquarters in Washington, D.C., for ready access to legislators and policymakers. Second, they consider at which stage of the legislative process to focus their efforts (e.g., societal agenda setting, committee, full chamber, or regulatory process). Medical research firms and medical associations will lobby in favor of greater spending and increased research on stem cell research, while some religious organizations and anti-abortion groups will oppose it. The interest group and the committee need the agency to implement the law, while the agency needs the interest group for information and the committee for funding and autonomy in implementing the law.50, An alternate explanation of the arrangement of duties carried out in a given policy area by interest groups, legislators, and agency bureaucrats is that these actors are the experts in that given policy area. The negative coefficient for this interaction indicates that as trust in large companies increases, support for the climate agreement also increases. The main effects of the trust variables are in line with what one would expect: trust in business (both business associations generically and the specific peak business associations) goes hand‐in‐hand with a more positive attitude towards TTIP; trust in Friends of the Earth or Greenpeace is related to a more negative attitude towards TTIP. Hugh Heclo of George Mason University has sketched a more open pattern he calls an issue network that includes a number of different interests and political actors that work together in support of a single issue or policy.51. People with little information about a policy, by contrast, may use information contained in a message to adjust their attitudes. However, the reforms that grew from the Watergate scandal of the 1970s inadvertently enhanced their power and diminished the leverage of political parties by promoting the formation of political action committees (PACs). Examples include the U.S. Public Interest Research Groups (USPIRGs) who aspire to be the “advocate for the public interest” when special interest lobbyists threaten to dominate the dialogue, silence the voice of common citizens, and impede reform on issues of health, economy, and democracy (U.S. Public Interest Research Groups, 2009); Essential Action (a component of Essential Information), which provides information and wage campaigns on topics that are not visible in the mass media or on political agendas, including access to medicines and the global effort to reduce tobacco use (Essential Information, 2009); and the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), whose consumer advocacy in health and nutrition involve novel research, equipping citizens and policymakers with useful information, and ensuring that science and technology serve the public good (CSPI, 2009). For the respondents receiving the con treatment, the source did matter in one instance: when respondents learned that Friends of the Earth opposes the agreement, support for the agreement is considerably lower than in the control group as it is when large companies or the peak business associations are said to oppose the agreement. The list of stakeholders concerned with health care reform also includes those outside the health industry (e.g., insurance corporations, labor unions, chambers of commerce, and a host of business and consumer groups such as the American Association of Retired Persons). American economic and political life since the late nineteenth century. These findings thus add one caveat to the findings from the TTIP survey: while indeed interest group source cues seem to have only a small impact on individual attitudes, an interest group can matter as a source cue if it conveys counter‐intuitive information (see also Calvert 1985). The Tea Party is an example of a so-called astroturf movement, because it is not, strictly speaking, a grassroots movement. Citizens that fail to change their position, for example, because they exhibit a partisan resistance to new information, avoid uncomfortable truths, or are dogmatic, closed‐minded or politically intolerant, may create more problems for democracy than citizens that change their opinions in response to elite communication.

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