Complicating matters were commercial disputes. The effect of this, particularly with the action off Cadiz and at Santa Cruz, was the disruption of the Spanish economy, which depended upon silver and gold from the Americas. Some 26,000 troops reached Britain, with 7,000 men lost over the course of the expedition. The Peninsular War (1807–1814) is the military conflict fought by Spain and Portugal, assisted by Great Britain, against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.In Spain, it is considered to overlap with the Spanish War of Independence. In 1584, the Prince of Orange had been assassinated, leaving a sense of alarm as well as a political vacuum. The objective was to destroy the Spanish fleet and intercept a treasure fleet in the Azores. In 1600 they advanced toward Dunkirk and in a pitched battle the Anglo-Dutch inflicted a rare defeat on the Tercio led Spanish army at the Battle of Nieuwpoort in which the English played a major part. Suchet advanced south, capturing the port town of Dénia. The Treaties of Tilsit, negotiated during a meeting in July 1807 between Emperors Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon, concluded the War of the Fourth Coalition. Drake then took the best part of the fleet and plundered Porto Santo in Madeira before they limped back to Plymouth.[16]. [67] The Spanish were shocked by the British retreat. Disease took a heavy toll as the fleet finally limped back to port. [28] The last of the great English naval expeditions took place in 1597, led by the Earl of Essex known as the Islands Voyage. Reille's right wing suffered further losses at Yanzi (1 August); and the Echallar and Ivantelly (2 August) during its retreat into France. An English counter armada under the command of Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Norreys was prepared in 1589 to torch the Spanish Atlantic navy, which was refitting in Santander, Corunna and San Sebastián in northern Spain. [55] In August 1808, the British Baltic fleet helped transport the Spanish division, except three regiments that failed to escape, back to Spain by way of Gothenburg in Sweden. At the Battle of Albuera, Soult outmaneuvered Beresford but could not win the battle. The English Armada was arguably misconceived and ended in failure overall. In Madrid, the growing numbers of afrancesados (Francophiles) at court were opposed by the majos: shopkeepers, artisans, tavern keepers, and laborers who dressed in traditional style, and took pleasure in picking fights with petimetres, the young who styled themselves with French fashion and manners. [114] This brought the French numbers down to between 20,000 and 15,000 and encouraged the defenders of Cádiz to attempt a breakout,[114] in conjunction with the arrival of an Anglo-Spanish relief army of around 12,000 infantry and 800 cavalry under the overall command of Spanish General Manuel La Peña, with the British contingent being led by Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham. [107][108] To protect the city, he ordered the construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras—three strong lines of mutually supporting forts, blockhouses, redoubts, and ravelins with fortified artillery positions—under the supervision of Sir Richard Fletcher. With 15 warships and more than 20 transports, the fleet of refugees weighed anchor on 29 November and set sail for the colony of Brazil. Normandy added a new front in the war and the threat of another invasion attempt across the channel. The garrison of 44,000 left 8,000 survivors—1,500 of them ill—[66] but the Grande Armée did not advance beyond the Ebro's shore. [40] The main French army of 80,000 held a narrow strip of central Spain from Pamplona and San Sebastián in the north to Madrid and Toledo in the centre. Drake, as a result, had to bypass Santander where the majority of the Spanish fleet were being refitted. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation, significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare.

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