[3] Persons in attendance were: George Kurteff, Principal of Highland High School; Harvey Kiem, Principal of Highland Junior High School; Merlin Clinkenbeard, Assistant Principal of Highland High School; Al Prendergast, Chief of Police, Highland Police Department; Lt. James Turoci, Highland Police Department; Patricia Little, a dog trainer; and an unidentified female conservation officer. The Court is not unmindful of the dilemma which confronts school officials in a situation such as this. 791 (S.D.N.Y.1974), aff'd, 506 F.2d 1395 (2d Cir. of Emp. As was appropriately noted by the New York Court of Appeals in a unanimous opinion. Rule 56, with plaintiffs seeking a partial summary judgment, the issue of damages to be left for trial. Because of the increasing use of drugs within the school, students, faculty and administrators suffered a loss of morale at both the Senior and Junior High School. See also, Bouse v. Hipes, 319 F. Supp. Defendant Knox was employed in December of 1974 by the Auburn Enlarged City School District as the Superintendent of Schools. Here, as in Johnson, the court went off on the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment. These cases were not sufficient to establish clearly the unlawfulness of the defendants' actions in this case. GALFORD v. MARK ANTHONY B on CaseMine. Also considered as a factor in the above cited dog-sniffing cases was the absence of any normal or justifiable expectation of privacy with respect to the objects searched. 3. omitted) ("[n]o one would seriously dispute that a nude search of a child is traumatic"); Bellnier v. Lund, 438 F. Supp. Act. The General School Powers Act of the State of Indiana, I.C. Otherwise, the phrase "acting under color of state law" would be a mere surplusage, since it was previously specified that the acts of school officials were in issue. Nevertheless, it is clear that in imposing the Exclusionary Rule upon the states as a remedial measure, the Court in Mapp did not by any means intend to deprive a person subjected to an unlawful search or seizure of his civil remedies, among them being recourse to a civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. See also W. RINGEL, SEARCHES & SEIZURES, ARRESTS AND CONFESSIONS 18.1 (1984). 47 (N.D.N.Y 1977) Searches of Places Students have a limited expectation of privacy of areas such as lockers, which are owned and jointly controlled by the school. at 674, 97 S. Ct. at 1414 (Emphasis Added). 2d 492 (1961), citing United States v. Classic,313 U.S. 299, 61 S. Ct. 1031, 85 L. Ed. 973 (1976); Comments, United States v. Solis: Have The Government's Supersniffers Come Down With A Case Of Constitutional Nasal Congestion?, 13 San Diego L.Rev. The students were there ordered to strip down to their undergarments, and their clothes were searched. 1974). 475 F.Supp. This Court holds that, while there need not be a showing of probable cause in a case such as this, there must be demonstrated the existence of some articulable facts which together provided reasonable grounds to search the students, and that the search must have been in furtherance of a legitimate purpose with respect to which school officials are empowered to act, such as the maintenance of discipline or the detection and punishment of misconduct. A review of the pleadings, as supplemented by the affidavits of defendants Lund, Reardon, Parker, Butcher, and Knox, reveals that, with one minor exception which will not affect the outcome of the pending motion, there are no material issues of fact to be determined with respect to the question of defendants' liability. Dist. Jersey v. TLO (1985). Dogs have long been used in police work. It should be noted at this point that had the role of the police been different, this court's reasoning and conclusion may well have been different. *1027 This Court finds no constitutional fault with the basic plan and program as executed. Gordon J. v. Santa Ana Unified Scool. . The schools' administrators delegated by the state with the duty and responsibility to maintain order, discipline, safety and education within the school system supervised the investigation which was designed with the single purpose of eliminating drug use inside the school buildings. 47 Bellnier v. Lund 48 Vernonia Sch. Because of the Court's findings on the immunity of the defendant school officials, the issue of damages can be determined at this time. The use of the canine units was decided upon only after the upsurge in drug use at the schools. 591, 284 N.E.2d 108 (1972). One year later, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals also held that the use of marijuana-sniffing dogs to sniff the air around a parked semi-trailer was reasonable and therefore not a prohibited search under the Fourth Amendment. The unnecessary duplication of sanctions is evident in either case. Brooks v. Flagg Brothers, Inc., supra. This Court finds the reasoning utilized in Moore v. Student Affairs Committee of Troy State University, supra, and State v. Young, supra, that of applying the Fourth Amendment but with a lesser standard than probable cause with respect to student searches, to be the more persuasive. Plaintiff, as well as other students, is subject to the daily routine of class attendance in an educational environment. 2d 324 (1976), that the sniffing of a canine at a baggage terminal did not constitute a search. In doing so the Court must take into account the special duties and responsibilities imposed upon school officials to provide a safe atmosphere for a student to develop, the attendant limited powers which the school officials possess in loco parentis to effectuate the maintenance of proper discipline. This Court now DENIES plaintiff's motion for a permanent injunction as to all issues raised. 1971); see also Barrett v. United Hospital,376 F. Supp. Wood v. Strickland, supra at 321, 95 S. Ct. 992. 741-742; see also Mapp v. Ohio,367 U.S. 643, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 6 L. Ed. In Solis, the Court of Appeals reversed the district court's holding that use of the dog was a search without probable cause and therefore illegal. 1985. Tinker v. Des Moines School District,393 U.S. 503, 89 S. Ct. 733, 21 L. Ed. Both these campuses are located on the same site. The atmosphere within the Highland Junior and Senior High Schools was one of frustration on the part of school administrators and faculty brought about by their inability to control or arrest the drug use problem. 1977) (young children are especially susceptible to being traumatized by strip searches). 23(b) (2). of Ed. 1971) aff'd, 30 N.Y.2d 734, 333 N.Y.S.2d 167, 284 N.E.2d 153 (1972); In re C.,26 Cal. The Fourth Amendment recognizes that for each individual there is a sphere of privacy which that individual can justifiedly expect government officials not to invade. You can explore additional available newsletters here. 2 of their federal statutory and constitutional rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Individuals with 1977) (1 time) MM v. Anker, 477 F. Supp. At this meeting, the school administrators informed the police officers that they intended to conduct an investigation within the school buildings using canine units to detect and remove any narcotics or narcotic paraphernalia. Little was contacted by the police department requesting her to attend the March 14, 1979 meeting. SCHOOL PRINCIPALS, United States District Court, N. D. Texas, Lubbock Division. Therefore, this Court finds no seizure of the plaintiff or other students within the Senior and Junior High School prior to any alert by the trained dogs. In support of his motion, he has submitted an affidavit in which he states that he had no prior knowledge of, nor participation in, the search in issue. In U. S. v. Chadwick,433 U.S. 1, 97 S. Ct. 2476, 53 L. Ed. Bellnier v. Lund, 438 F. Supp. 2d 324; U. S. v. Pond, 523 F.2d 210 (2d Cir. She was then asked to remove her clothing. The question of dog searches has again been certified by the Court of Military Appeals and remains pending there. . of the information used as a justification for the search." 1973); U. S. v. Lewis, 392 F.2d 377 (2d Cir. To carry out this procedure, they requested the assistance of the Highland Police Department and of volunteer canine units experienced in drug detection. A review of the pleadings, as supplemented by the affidavits of defendants Lund, Reardon, Parker, Butcher, and Knox, reveals that, with one minor exception which will not affect the outcome of the pending motion, there are no material issues of fact to be determined with respect to the question of defendants' liability. Also requested by plaintiff is a class certification of all persons who were enrolled at Highland High School and Highland Junior High School who were subject to the complained of activities or those who would be enrolled hereafter as such students in those institutions. Carey v. Piphus, 430 U.S. 964, 97 S. Ct. 1642, 52 L. Ed. Maintaining an educationally productive atmosphere within the school rests upon the school administrator certain heavy responsibilities. The students were then asked to empty their pockets and remove their shoes. Most notable, in this regard, is the compulsory education provision, Education Law 3205, and its companion sections. Chambers v. Maroney,399 U.S. 42, 90 S. Ct. 1975, 26 L. Ed. [8] Buss, The Fourth Amendment and Searches of Students in Public Schools, 59 Iowa L.Rev. Presentation Creator Create stunning presentation online in just 3 steps. See also, United States v. Race, 529 F.2d 12 (1st Cir. Custodians were present near all locked doors to provide immediate exit if necessary. This Court is specifically confronted with the following issues: (1) whether the investigative procedure used by the school officials with the assistance of law enforcement officers, for the sole and exclusive purpose of furthering a valid educational goal of eliminating drug use within the school, was a seizure and search under the Fourth Amendment; (2) whether the use of dogs to detect marijuana and marijuana paraphernalia in the classroom was, standing alone, a search under the Fourth Amendment; (3) whether the admitted search of a student's clothing upon the continued alert of a trained drug detecting canine was violative of rights protected by the Fourth Amendment; and (4) whether the nude body search conducted solely upon the basis of a trained drug detecting canine's alert violated the plaintiff's right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure. Rptr. In Beard v. Whitmore Lake School District,' the Sixth Circuit examined whether the law governing searches of students, specifically strip searches, was clearly estab- lished and deprived school officials of qualified immunity. 1977) (applying standard of "reasonable grounds" based on "articulable facts"); Moore v. Student Affairs Comm. A common thread that runs through all four of the above cited circuit cases was the fact that the law enforcement officers had previous independent information or "tips" concerning the whereabouts of the drugs that were later sniffed out by the dogs. (internal citation omitted). This Court can conceive of many situations where the alert of a trained dog alone can provide the necessary reasonable cause for a more complete but private body search. Such an extended period had been experienced at other times during convocations and school assemblies. [9] This *1019 latter area also has implications in the public school context. 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