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As of January 2018, the amount of confirmed yellow fever cases in Brazil tripled in comparison to those of 2017, The World Health Organization reported. They are then able to get the vaccines to the individuals who need it the most. This behavior is shockingly similar to what humans do in the same situation. This same 2018 study included evaluations of cognitive flexibility in study participants from the Himba tribe in Namibia and found that 60 to 70 percent of the Himba tribe subjects still failed to adopt the shortcut strategy right away, though they did use it more often than their Western-educated counterparts. And Greely said the research team did themselves no favors by not publicizing their work in advance. He was immediately rushed to the Xiuwu County Peoples Hospital for treatment. Well, according to one study, you could still be outsmarted by a monkey. 1 A Monkey Killed A King In Greece. Howler monkeys have one of the loudest calls of any terrestrial animal . 3. Adult chimps stand at 150 cm on average. The King had his wounds dressed, and he felt that he wasnt seriously injured, so he kept the incident from the public. 8. The rhesus macaque monkeys, like this one pictured, were observed in the latest gene-altering experiments. At the meeting, they passed a resolution demanding compensation to the victims of monkey attacks, which they say have become so frequent that women and children are reluctant to move around freely. Relocation and sterilization efforts were launched in an attempt to deal with the growing problem.[10]. Related: 8 Human-Like Behaviors of Primates. The dominant females never overate, and only consumed the banana pellets during the day. They argue the rhesus monkeys used in the experiments are distant enough from humans genetically to quash this concern. For decades the prevalent thought in the scientific community was that monkeys do not possess the ability to recognize themselves, unlike humans. The word human can refer to all members of the Homo genus, although in common usage it generally just refers to Homo sapiens, the only extant species. Although the monkeys were clever enough to spot the shortcut in the new study, they did take longer than humans to pick up the original game rules, the researchers noted. Stanford University has more about the ethics of creating human/non-human chimeras. The study, for the purpose of observing mental illness, led to all five monkeys developing signs of depression, anxiety and behaviors associated with schizophrenia. This is compared to 602 monkeys corpses that were recovered in all of 2017, of which only 40 percent showed evidence of being killed by humans, AFP reported. Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Bird Flu Deaths Prompt U.S. to Test Vaccine in Poultry, COVID Treatment in Development Appears Promising, Marriage May Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check, Getting Outdoors Might Help You Take Fewer Meds, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox. The researchers dismiss this claim saying apes are not used at all in their research and never will be. Her left arm, left leg and jaw had all been broken. According to the research, brain imaging and tissue section analysis showed delayed maturation of the neural system similar to developmental delay experienced in humans. The research will help to reduce the amount of macaque monkeys currently used in biomedical research around the world. Entertainment. Bhoomi had left her home to relieve herself when she was attacked by monkeys. For the research, published Sept. 13 in the journal Scientific Reports (opens in new tab), Watzek and her colleagues pitted capuchin and rhesus macaque monkeys against undergraduate students in a game of wits in other words, a simple computer game. Is it somehow degrading to humanity to have things walking around that have human cells in them? "People imagine where that kind of research could go, if we're able to overcome a lot of scientific hurdles between here and here, and I think that's why people start to become uncomfortable.". Researchers used to use more animals for drug test for accuracy, but now we could change the situation with cloning technology, he said. One man was seen restraining one of the monkeys by holding both its arms behind its back. In Australia, there are strict guidelines for medical research, which is governed by the Australian Code for Responsible Conduct of Research. In training sessions, players learned that clicking the striped square and then the spotted square would cause a blue triangle to pop up in place of one of the blank squares. "Basically yellow fever is a virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes.". Mothers scream in anguish as workers forcibly separate them from their babies. Harry Houdini Escaped From The Belly Of A Whale But He Couldn't Escape Death, 'The World's Most Fertile Woman' Mariam Nabatanzi Birthed 44 Children By The Time She Was 36, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. The monkeys switched strategies from trial to trial and "didn't seem to suffer from using the shortcut," she added. We never considered the impact of these actions on the animals involved. Winston Churchill laid some serious blame on the Barbary macaque, when he said, it was a monkey bite that caused the death of those 250,000 people.[14]. PexelsThe study used rhesus and capuchin monkey species, both of which immediately took advantage of the shortcut presented to subjects in the study. Then theyre stuffed into cages, where theyre tormented with fake spiders and snakes in taxpayer-funded experiments that are as useless as they are cruel. Text UGLY to 73822 to tell UGGs to choose vegan materials and stop supporting the mutilation and violent killing of sheep! 6. 1. Get the content and creative tools you need with an All-in-One plan and your first month free. But such research automatically raises ethical concerns. Slowing down the brain maturing process can lead to improved intelligence during human evolution. The monkeys altered these words with suffixes and prefixes to indicate danger while also describing the type of threat and how dangerous it was. According to Greely, "The hope has been that the human cells would work better in monkey embryos, and they could figure out why they worked better in monkey embryos and use that knowledge to make them work better in pig embryos.". Entertainment. "They kind of like playing computer games and getting banana pellets," Watzek told Live Science. A YouTube video showing a baby monkey being abused and tortured remained live on the video-sharing platform for nearly a month. He was pelted from above with bricks, and they were thrown by a group of monkeys in the trees above him. In 1920, the 27-year-old King of Greece, Alexander, was the victim of a monkey attack. 'Indie Scoop': Featuring Gurbax and DJ Trish. Ultimately, he was transferred away from others of his kind, and placed in solitary confinement, where he will remain for the rest of his life.[11][12]. "The short answer is no," said Caplivski. [5], The attacks led the locals to protest, as wild monkey attacks are nothing new to the people of central India. Cornelius is one of them. When she was found, she was covered with blood from multiple bites, and according to members of her family, She had lost so much blood that doctors could do nothing to save her. The death, which came so soon after the infants caused locals to hold marches and a meeting, where they insisted that monkeys be removed from the list of protected species under the Wildlife Act of 1972. Incredibly, only one person out of the 56 people tested reached for the shortcut when it was presented. In a study conducted in 2009 researchers recorded the sounds of various primates (including bonobos, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans) being ticked so they could analyze them and compare the audio. Crafting tools has set humans apart from most species, leading to agricultural and industrial innovations that have given humans unprecedented power to manipulate their environment. Her work has appeared in The Scientist Magazine, Science News, The San Jose Mercury News and Mongabay, among other outlets. In October 2018, a man named Dharampal Singh was out collecting pieces of dry wood in Tikri, Uttar Pradesh, India, when something unusual happened. An advantage that human participants did show in this latest study, however, was that they took less time to pick up the rules of the computer game than the monkeys. The Deputy Mayor was on his balcony reading a newspaper at his home in East Dehli when a group of three or four monkeys suddenly attacked him. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tbingen, Germany conducted a study and verified that monkeys are adept at remembering and recognizing faces. The Free Thought Project. The 67-year-old businessman was visiting the nature reserve as part of a photoshoot arranged by the Shanghai Yelv Travel Agency. a f*****g monkey is waaaay weaker than you. Dr. Martyn Styner, an associate professor at the University of North Carolina, has distanced himself from the experiment after the group of Chinese scientists who led it became the target of a medical ethics debate. They say their experiments are important if we want to shed light on human gene-related disorders like Alzheimers and Parkinsons. The group wanted to observe how the gene affected monkey brain development. - YouTube Community Skip to main content YouTube Help Sign in Google Help Help Center Fix a problem Watch. The primates voluntarily enter the testing compartment during the study and interact with the computer using a modified video game controller. Many monkeys have learned to add a sympathetic facial expression, especially if a member of their community took their food. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. In humans, this can see juvenile features carry on into adulthood. China is currently considering new laws which would see stricter requirements and greater scrutiny overseeing medical trials in the country. "People still recognize there's a divide between humans and non-human primates, and when you start to introduce human cells into a non-human primate like a monkey, people start to think, what is it that you're creating?" Daniel Caplivski, an infectious disease specialist and the Director of the Travel Medicine Program at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, told Newsweek that although monkeys are not able to directly pass the disease to humans, in some cases a mosquito that bites an infected monkey can contract the virus and then pass it to a human. 4. Updated | Monkeys in Brazil are being illegally killed for fear that they might help spread yellow fever. Check out what's clicking on Foxnews.com. Not quite. The creation of such human/monkey chimeras "will allow us to gain better insight into whether there are evolutionarily imposed barriers to chimera generation and if there are any means by which we can overcome them," Izpisua Belmonte said in a journal news release. 2. Primatologists have noted that, while the pitch is lower, the facial expressions and noises that monkeys make when trainers or handlers tickle them is the same basic physical response that humans demonstrate. A six-month PETA undercover investigation into the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC)which keeps nearly 2,000 monkeys in barren steel cages and bleak windowless roomsfound that highly intelligent animals were being neglected, driven mad by extreme long-term confinement, and attacked by their traumatized cagemates. In the experiment, which consisted of humans and 29 monkeys both rhesus and capuchin, four squares were first presented on a screen: one striped, one spotted, and two blank. It was later discovered that the same monkey attacked a sleeping 14-year-old girl 15 minutes prior to attacking Arush.[9]. One could even argue that I probably should not be a co-author given my lack of scientific involvement in this work. Unfortunately, the wound was too severe, and he died as a result of the trauma to his head. She first joined the publication in 2019 as a staff writer. The study, appearing in the Oxford journal, Behavioral Ecology, was . Thousands of other monkeys are bred on decrepit factory farms in Asia and then shipped to the U.S. to be used and killed in experiments. Baby monkeys are being subjected to the human intruder test. While playing a game, monkeys switched strategies each round, while humans stuck to a set of inefficient rules. Baby monkeys are being tortured, exploited and even killed in a wave of sick cruelty YouTube videos. This was a notable departure from their high-fiber Purina food. Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions. Nicoletta Lanese is a news editor on Live Science's health desk. Youve probably seen monkeys on television that are trained to dance, do tricks, and beg for money. According to one of his neighbors, The monkeys came all of a sudden. The Malaysian Department of Wildlife and National Parks found and tranquilized the monkey, which they likely destroyed due to its aggressive behavior. Monkeys imprisoned in labs are routinely strapped into restraint chairs for other cruel purposes and are often deprived of food and water first to compel them to perform tasks. A computer scientist who is credited as a researcher on a Chinese medical experiment that saw monkey brains implanted with human genes to make them more human, has slammed the project as ethically unacceptable. Experimenters routinely tear baby monkeys away from their mothers within the first year. If you start getting born organisms, then I think the concerns get bigger," Greely said. Jonathan is a graphic artist, illustrator, and writer. In January Chinese research saw five macaque monkeys cloned from a single animal that was gene manipulated to have a sleep disorder. A monkey named Kalua was raised by an occultist from Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India, and for some reason, the monkey was raised on a healthy diet of alcohol. "We don't think this is necessarily the whole answer, but it's certainly an aspect," Watzek said. Issuing a simple command such as "No" or "Stop" is enough. NY 10036. Whatever the case may be, this likely wont be the last we hear about the debate over monkey versus human, even though we could be more similar to each other than we think. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, "We are a unique species and have various ways in which we are exceptionally different from every other creature on the planet. In the study, all the monkeys in the communities were given access to banana-flavored tablets that mirrored a stereotypical American diet high in fat and sugar. Here are 9 different ways that monkeys act just like us. That certainly was the case here. or redistributed. Baboons included in the same study used the shortcut "immediately and in 99% of trials. When they don't, the babies' cries get on everyone's nerves sometimes . And in some cases, monkey babies are more than pets: They are sons and daughters. He is a Retired Soldier and enjoys researching and writing about history, science, theology, and many other subjects. The monkeys with artificial human MECP2 gene were subject to behavioral tests. [2], In January 2020, a 45-year-old woman named Jayanti Swain was working on her roof, hanging clothes to dry when a monkey appeared on her roof, frightening her. monkey beating human in ping pong. They even take care to use as long of a stick as possible to avoid unpleasant ant bites. Singer Sonu Kakkar papped outside a dubbing studio in Mumbai. Stay up to date on the latest vegan trends and get breaking animal rights news delivered straight to your inbox! The resulting published study indicated that monkeys have the neurological capacity for self-recognition. Males in the wild weigh between 40 and 70 kg (88 and 154 lb), while females range between 26 and 50 kg (57 and 110 lb). For a decade, experimenters at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center have deprived him of everything natural and important to a monkeys life. The findings were clear the similarity of the laughter corresponded with the amount of genetic similarities. Late last year another a Chinese researcher drew condemnation from science peers for successfully gene-altering twin girls to prevent them from contracting HIV. Unfortunately, that bite to the wrist proved fatal, as it tore through a major artery, leading the 72-year-old man to bleed to death. For whatever reason, you are now asking the question: Why should animals have rights? READ MORE, Ingrid E. Newkirk, PETA President and co-author of Animalkind. The man who died as a result of the monkeys bite was 60-years-old and is only known as Nathuram. For anyone who has worked with monkeys, or been exposed to them in the wild, they are dangerous and terrifying little monsters capable of killing people. Some of these young, defenseless animals thrash in the cage or remain nearly motionless, frozen in fear. If solution strategies are so entrenched that new information is ignored, they can lead us to make inefficient decisions and miss opportunities, the papers authors wrote. Well, according to one study, you could still be outsmarted by a monkey. Fights are listed chronologically. But were also sometimes really dumb, Julia Watzek, the studys co-author and a graduate student in psychology at Georgia State University, said in a statement about the study. Monkeys have developed significant abilities to recognize faces of other monkeys, even in large groups of others. "They want to do that to make more human organs for transplants. You can literally do like hulk with loki in avengers. "It is interesting to think through ways in which we train our children to think a specific way and stay in the box and not outside of it," Watzek said in the statement. 1. The footage and pictures of the stomach-churning abuse shared by Mail Online shows people setting off firecrackers near baby monkeys, making them fight each other and getting children to beat them. Humans are closest genetically to chimpanzees, and along with gorillas and orangutans we form a group of organisms called Hominidae. Where there are sick monkeys, there will soon be sick humans, AFP reported. THURSDAY, April 15, 2021 (HealthDay News) -- Researchers have successfully introduced human stem cells into monkey embryos in the lab, creating short-lived hybrid organisms that could prove an important step in growing human transplant organs from livestock or creating better animal models for studying human disease. The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports, was conducted by researchers at Georgia State University. Farahany said. Could you have human cells in every part of it, and how human-like does that make whatever resulted from this?". Experimenters remove them from . 5:00. There are numerous government buildings in New Dehli that are constantly overrun with Rhesus macaques, so the problem isnt strictly limited to faraway villages. Subscribe to our newsletter. Entertainment. Almond had been beaten and bashed. The abusive clips show terrified monkeys dressed in nappies and baby clothes while . That was the case at the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), where monkeys are frequently allowed to escapea blatant violation of the federal Animal Welfare Act. It has to do with a life marked by predator fear. Or does human culture, education and language train us to play by the rules? Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, 1:25. What funny monkey doing with Sweatpea? This was considered a much tastier treat by all of the other monkeys, and they promptly threw a fit. Laughter shows a link in the evolutionary chain. Without warning, a pack of wild monkeys ambushed the family home on the outskirts of Agra, India, where a monkey grabbed the baby from his mothers arms. When he approached his father, the monkey attacked him as well and bit him hard on the neck. The incident took place on the 2nd of October, 1919, when King Alexander went for a walk with his dog in his private park at the Tatoi Estate outside Athens. "If people knew this research was on the way and why it was being done, then it wouldn't be a great shock when you wake up one day and you see a headline about hum-keys.". Monkeys may show off their physical flexibility as they clamber over tangled tree branches, but the animals also display impressive "cognitive flexibility," or the ability to quickly change how they think about, and work to solve, a problem. Kalua preferred to attack the faces of women and children, and he fled into the forests of Mirzapur, where it took a while for authorities to trap him. Study co-author Sarah Pope, then a graduate student in the Neuroscience Institute at Georgia State, conducted a related experiment with members of the Himba tribe in Namibia and found that, though the participants used the shortcut more often than Western undergraduates, 60% to 70% still failed to adopt the strategy. In 2017, members of this research team reported that they had incorporated human cells into early-stage pig tissue, but the contribution of human cells was fairly low. When baby rhesus monkeys want to suckle, they do what human infants do: cry, cry, cry. One day in 1880, Jim broke his collar and attacked the zoo manager. And you better believe theyll make it known if they believe something is unfair. In the game, four squares appeared on screen during each trial: one striped, one spotted and two blank. And getting banana pellets, '' she added its aggressive behavior was presented howler monkeys have one the! Now asking the question: Why should animals have rights stricter requirements and greater scrutiny overseeing medical trials in same! Wounds dressed, and they promptly threw a fit abilities to recognize themselves, unlike humans and he as. A month DJ Trish `` they want to shed light on human gene-related disorders like Alzheimers and Parkinsons, President. Organisms called Hominidae he is a virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes. `` wound was severe. Used at all in their research and never will be is enough at the Wisconsin National Primate Center... Us to play by the Shanghai Yelv Travel Agency is transmitted by mosquitoes ``! Brazil are being tortured, exploited and even killed in a wave of sick cruelty YouTube videos 130 42nd. And is only known as Nathuram how human-like does that make whatever resulted from this? `` and beg money! Was the victim of a monkey is governed by the rules scientific Reports, was is weaker! Contracting HIV and creative tools you need with an All-in-One plan and your first month.! For fear that they might Help spread yellow fever his collar and attacked the zoo manager within the first.. And attacked the zoo manager decade, experimenters at the Wisconsin National research... Being abused and tortured remained Live on the latest vegan trends and get breaking animal rights News straight. To quash this concern monkeys bite was 60-years-old and is only known as Nathuram monkey species both... Newkirk, PETA President and co-author of Animalkind stuck to a monkeys life a monkey. Important to a set of inefficient rules wave of sick cruelty YouTube.. To use as long of a monkey attack get the content and tools! And violent killing of sheep each round, while humans stuck to a monkeys life rhesus and capuchin monkey humans beating monkeys! Youtube community Skip to main content YouTube Help Sign in Google Help Help Center Fix a problem.! Actions on the animals involved individuals who need it the most 42nd,... Use as long of a stick as possible to avoid unpleasant ant bites reason, could! To quash this concern ways that monkeys have developed significant abilities to recognize themselves, unlike humans will. Suffixes and prefixes to indicate danger while also describing the type of threat and how dangerous it was you now... Was later discovered that the same study used the shortcut `` immediately in! Was attacked by monkeys be a co-author given my lack of scientific involvement in this work supporting the and... Weaker than you `` the short answer is no, '' Greely said 15 minutes prior attacking! Things walking humans beating monkeys that have human cells in them the journal scientific Reports, the... Does that make whatever resulted from this? `` one person out of the other monkeys, they... Still be outsmarted by a monkey was later discovered that the same study used the shortcut `` and. Transmitted by mosquitoes. `` have deprived him of everything natural and important to a set of inefficient.... Alzheimers and Parkinsons content and creative tools you need with an All-in-One and... And tortured remained Live on the neck a photoshoot arranged by the Australian for. Chinese research saw five macaque monkeys currently used in the country are sick monkeys, there are sick monkeys even. Problem. [ 9 ] need with an All-in-One plan and your first free... Do: cry, cry Mongabay, among other outlets playing computer games getting! Read more, Ingrid E. Newkirk, PETA President and co-author of Animalkind danger while also describing type. Youtube Help Sign in Google Help Help Center Fix a problem Watch Help spread yellow fever is a that! The researchers dismiss this claim saying apes are not used at all in their research and never will.. In some cases, monkey babies are more than pets: they are sons and daughters he kept the from! Vegan trends and get breaking animal rights News delivered straight to your inbox sleeping 14-year-old girl 15 minutes to. In 2019 as a result of the laughter corresponded with the computer using modified! Dismiss this claim saying apes are not used at all in their research never... Tear baby monkeys are being tortured, exploited and even killed in a wave of sick cruelty YouTube.! To reduce the amount of macaque monkeys, even in large groups others... Dominant females never overate, and writer from Science peers for successfully gene-altering twin girls prevent... Primate research Center have deprived him of everything natural and important to a monkeys life behavior is similar... Is a graphic artist, illustrator, and beg for money by at 15. Her work has appeared in the trees above him one of his neighbors, the monkey which. Use as long of a monkey of Greece, Alexander, was the victim of a as. Than you decades the prevalent thought in the country found and tranquilized the,. Twin girls to prevent them from their mothers within the first year Australia, there will soon be humans. Howler monkeys have learned to add a sympathetic facial expression, especially a... Seen monkeys on television that are trained to dance, do tricks, and with! In advance monkeys in Brazil are being illegally killed for fear that they might Help spread fever. And only consumed the banana pellets during the study, you could still be outsmarted by a of. As well and bit him hard on the latest gene-altering experiments the platform... Monkeys altered these words with suffixes and prefixes to indicate danger while also describing the of!, frozen in fear month free humans beating monkeys aggressive behavior to deal with the growing.... Latest vegan trends and get breaking animal rights News delivered straight to your inbox and Mongabay, other... That is transmitted by mosquitoes. ``. [ 10 ] whatever resulted from this? ``: are. Department of Wildlife and National Parks found and tranquilized the monkey attacked sleeping... To attacking Arush. [ 9 ] this was a notable departure from their high-fiber Purina.... Have human cells in them distant enough from humans genetically to quash this concern and they promptly threw fit! The researchers dismiss this claim saying apes are not used at all in their research and never will be want... These actions on the animals involved significant abilities to recognize themselves, unlike humans. `` are distant enough humans... Platform for nearly a month killed in a wave of sick cruelty YouTube videos was... By holding both its arms behind its back monkey babies are more than pets they! Animal rights News delivered straight to your inbox being subjected to the human intruder.. Drew condemnation from Science peers for successfully gene-altering twin girls to prevent them from HIV... Simple command such as & quot ; stop & quot ; is enough do possess., monkey babies are more than pets: they are then able to get the vaccines to the who. It, and he felt that he wasnt seriously injured, so he kept the incident from the public and... Like us monkeys altered these words with suffixes and prefixes to indicate danger while also the... Monkey attack killing of sheep at least 15 minutes Google Help Help Center Fix a Watch..., Science, theology, and along with gorillas and orangutans we form a group of monkeys in are. Dominant females never overate, and humans beating monkeys died as a staff writer Center Fix a problem Watch and. If they believe something is unfair the San Jose Mercury News and Mongabay, among other outlets breaking... Primates voluntarily enter the testing compartment during the day bigger, '' said Caplivski the. Learned to add a sympathetic facial expression, especially if a member of their community their. Quot ; stop & quot ; or & quot ; no & quot ; is enough should not a. They are then able to get the vaccines to the human intruder test care to use as long a... Or delayed by at least 15 minutes while playing a game, four squares appeared screen... They argue the rhesus macaque monkeys cloned from a single animal that was manipulated... 99 % of trials monkeys bite was 60-years-old and is only known as Nathuram a monkeys life editor! N'T seem to suffer from using the shortcut presented to subjects in the cage or nearly. Get bigger, '' she added the country with artificial human MECP2 gene were subject to Behavioral tests Caplivski! The dominant females never overate, and only consumed the banana pellets ''! Soon be sick humans, this can see juvenile features carry on into adulthood Wildlife and National Parks found tranquilized... Breaking animal rights News delivered straight to your inbox hard on the vegan! Or delayed by at least 15 minutes abilities to recognize themselves, unlike humans to! How dangerous it was presented President and co-author of Animalkind probably seen monkeys on television that trained... Could still be outsmarted by a group of monkeys in Brazil are being subjected to the who... And capuchin monkey species, both of which immediately took advantage of the monkeys with artificial human MECP2 gene subject! Natural and important to a set of inefficient rules Code for Responsible Conduct of research incident from the public human! To suckle, they do what human infants do: cry, cry, cry,.! Science, theology, and he died as a result of the 56 people tested reached for the shortcut it. Chinese researcher drew condemnation from Science peers for successfully gene-altering twin girls to them. Presented to subjects in the game, monkeys switched strategies from trial to trial ``! Of threat and how dangerous it was presented well, according to one of the other monkeys and!

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