In imitation of the British House of Lords, Bolivar proposed a hereditary Senate. Bolivar was not really greatly concerned with these events in Spain. Despite not controlling Venezuela, Bolivar called for a Second Congress of Venezuela (the first one had been called in 1811 in Caracas, to declare independence), to assemble in Angostura. An Address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint Ordered by the Government of the United States of Venezuela, to Commemorate the Centennial of the Opening of the Congress (tr. Unless the executive has easy access to all the administrative resources, fixed by a just distribution of powers, he inevitably becomes a nonentity or abuses his authority. Did not the Roman Empire conquer the world? At the opening session, held at the Orinoco River port of Angostura (today Ciudad Bolvar), on 15 February 1819, Bolvar delivered a major address in which he warned against imitation of Anglo-American institutions and called for a new constitution featuring a hereditary Senate and a "moral power" with special responsibility for education and June 13, 1821. Summary of H.R.541 - 118th Congress (2023-2024): BALE Act of 2023 Login has been disabled for this journal while it is transferred to a new platform. These leaders assumed the role of dictators while rhetorically expressing their reluctance to do so. Inspired by the revolutions of both the. In the Angostura Address, he was clearly against it. They also seemed to understand that a moral power could very easily be turned into a censoring body that hastily suppresses individual freedoms. The will of the Grand Sultan, the Khan, the Bey, and other despotic sovereigns, is the supreme law, and it is arbitrarily executed by the pashas and inferior governors in Turkey and Persia, where the system of oppression is completely organized, and is submitted to by the people because of the authority from which it emanates. Predictably, very much as Bolivar did in 1828, watching over public morality in the Bolivarian Revolution became despotic in itself, and many of Venezuelas basic freedoms (but most especially freedom of speech; Venezuela currently occupies number 143, as indexed by Reporters Without Borders (2018)) have deteriorated over the last 18 years. Armed Trading Weaponry on trade ships. CiteSeerX Address to the Congress at Angostura CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): The idea never entered into my head to consider as identical the characteristics of two peoples as different as the Anglo-American and the Spanish-American. This may not seem groundbreaking today, but in 1819, it was. You may begin your work. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 47 (1): 7482. Castro, P. 2007. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. The Angostura Address, by contrast, is far more about Bolivars actual political proposals in thinking about what lies ahead for Spanish America after independence. Despite their genuine admiration for Bolivar, constituents understood that Bolivars argumentation in favor of hereditary principles of political power was very weak (not to say confusing), and that an institution imitating the British House of Lords would be nothing but a setback to old aristocratic times. Do we not read in Montesquieus Spirit of the Laws that laws should be suited to the people making them, and that it is extremely unlikely that the laws of our nation will suit another? (Bolivar 1819). Angostura bark, a spice made from the bark of the tree Angostura trifoliata. Being just 21 years old in 1805 and after losing his wife just years earlier, he went to tour Europe. He thus anticipated these objections, by trying to assure the audience that a hereditary Senate would not be aristocratic: In no manner whatever would the creation of a hereditary senate be a violation of political equality; it is not a nobility I wish to establish, because that, as has been said by a celebrated republican, would be to destroy at once equality and liberty. Its culminating piece of legislation was the Venezuelan Constitution of 1819, officially adopted on August 15, but quickly made obsolete by the creation of the Republic of Colombia on December 17, 1819. He appeals to the idea of a modern state of equality by claiming that "slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction" (Boli var). Wittfogel, K. 1953. Bolivars political program, as laid out in the Angostura Address, is straightforward. Under the leadership of the Libertador Simn Bolvar, revolutionary forces repeatedly fought off Spanish attempts to regain control of the region until Bolvar decisively expelled Spanish forces at the battle of Ayacucho in 1824. Simon Bolivar and the spectre of pardocracia: Jose Padilla in post-independence Cartagena. Journal of Latin American Studies, 35(3): 447471. Silencios y disputas en la historia de Hispanoamerica. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Reprint ed., Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919. On the contrary, aristocracy and monarchy have long established great and powerful empires. He was a spirited combatant of monarchies, yet he insisted on being president for life (i.e., a king without a crown). By this I mean that the result will be the death of the government, whose heirs are anarchy, usurpation, and tyranny . The Congress of Angostura A Great Address and Campaigning in the Plains (1819) Congress did not meet until February 15, 1819, on account of the late arrival of some representatives. The Lower Classes . He had some clear political motivations in doing this, (i.e., as an argument to reject federalism and favor stronger governments leaning towards authoritarianism). 2015. ; I am even aware, thanks to Montesquieu, that one can be a Persian. We all owe it our obedience and loyalty. years prior to the Congress of Angostura. These subordinate officers are entrusted with the civil, military, and political administration, the collection of duties and the protection of religion. Framing Pan-Americanism: Simn Bolvars Findings. CR: The New Centennial Review. In 2010, in the backdrop of a wave of left-wing, populists and nationalists governments that have been swept into power in what some refer to as the Pink Tide (Chodor 2014), many Latin American countries (most notably Venezuela, Peru and Argentina) held massive celebrations for the 200th anniversary of the beginning of independence from Spain. Caracas: Alfa. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. However, given that the rest of Venezuela was still controlled by Spanish authorities, only a few provinces could send delegates. In China they do not send for their mandarins, military, and literati to the country of Genghis Khan, who conquered them, even though the present race of Chinese are direct descendants of the tribes subjugated by the ancestors of the present Tartars. Formerly, criollos had major participation in the administration of the Empire. "An assembly of tried and illustrious men, the Congress of Angostura, responded to the important requirements of the revolution, and when it gave birth to . Oxford University Press. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. Some nostalgic defenders of the Spanish Empire in Latin American countries claim that the Indies were not colonies at all. Predictably, many of these celebrations were carried out without sufficiently critical and objective approach towards historical data. 1826. from the Original Spanish by Francisco Javier Ynes). One of the most significant transformations was his approach to the position of a President for Life. How does an aristocratic principle, such as hereditary privilege, motivate sharing the peoples interests, opinions and spirit? In Simon Bolivar's Message to the Congress of Angostura, he states that Latin American people deserve their independence. Las Indias no eran colonias. 1Despite the prominent hero-worship of Bolivar, there have been scholarly works critical of his deeds. During Habsburg times, a great deal of contraband went on, but with the arrival of the Bourbons, economic regulations were severely tightened and enforced. A big point of contention between Enlightenment thinkers and their Counter-Enlightenment foes, was about universalism. Bolivar was very eloquent in denouncing the vices of Spanish imperialism in his vociferous anti-colonial stand. To fully grasp the most brilliant thought of the time, some basic context is required. Precisely because no form of government is so weak as the democratic, its framework must be firmer, and its institutions must be studied to determine their degree of stabilityunless this is done, we will have to reckon with an ungovernable, tumultuous, and anarchic society, not with a social order where happiness, peace, and justice prevail. A political upheaval that took place between 1765 ad 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America. In most cases, these celebrations served the political purpose of legitimating the parties in power that organized the festivities and appropriating nationalists sentiments that could help boost popular support. In order to gain Catholic support, he even outlawed the teaching of Benthams philosophy (which he himself had admired for so long), as the English philosophers views were considered too immoral by conservative clergy. Washington. There, he This speech, now known as the Angostura Address, is a prime document in the Bolivarian canon. This is an understandable and legitimate point. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427. Amrica Latina 4. Por que no soy bolivariano. What republic has exceeded in duration those of Sparta and Venice? From there, with the auspices of President Alexandre Petion (17701818) that included 6.000 soldiers, money and even a print- (Helg 2003), Bolivar returned to Venezuela with a military expedition. An address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint ordered by the government of the United States of Venezuela, to commemorate the centennial of the opening of the Congress (tr. Throughout his lifetime, Bolivar was concerned with public morality, and perhaps his most quoted words by Colombian and Venezuelan schoolchildren, come from the Angostura Address: Morals and knowledge are what we most need now (Bolivar 1819). However, later on, in the Constitution that he wrote for Upper Peru (named Bolivia in his honor) in 1826 and that he attempted to impose on Colombia afterwards, he stipulated the figure of President for Life. Bolivar's speaking style reflected the values of his epoch. The population in the Americas was far greater than the population in the Iberian Peninsula, yet, only a minority of deputies posts were assigned to representatives of the American territories. Hence, many expect that the 2019 will again be a year of nationalist unexamined joy, celebrating the Angostura Address. In the Angostura Address, Bolivar tries to define Venezuelan national identity, more negatively than positively as he seemed clearer about what Venezuelans were not than what Venezuelans were: We are not Europeans, we are not Indians, but a middle race between the indigenous peoples and the Spaniards (Bolivar 1819). Criollos would know be second-class citizens. Be as it may, however, the Constitution of Bolivia of 1826 proved to be his outdoing. The Congress of Angostura is considered Venezuela's second legislative congress, the first being the one that met in 1811. 1. He was a high-spirited revolutionary, but he understood the dangers of uncontrolled rage and racial vengeance. Bolvar, Simn. Bolivar, S. 1819. New York: Springer. His success, however, would again be short-lived, as in 1830 Gran Colombia ruptured into its three original constituent countries, and Bolivar would have to march into exile and died on his way in in the city of Santa Marta, before he could make it to Europe. From there he would go to occupy modern-day Ecuador and unite the current territories of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela into a single political entity; it was known as the Gran Colombia, with Bogota as its capital. The governments, however, of those nations, were either aristocratic or monarchical (Bolivar 1819). Nothing in our fundamental laws would have to be altered were we to adopt a legislative power similar to that held by the British Parliament. As with any leader who faces the dichotomy between utopias and realities, Bolivar had some profound ideological transformations throughout his political and military career. Would it not be most difficult to apply to Spain the English system of political, civil, and religious liberty: Hence, it would be even more difficult to adapt to Venezuela the laws of North America. The Enlightenment proclaimed the equality of all human beings, on account that we all share a common nature that makes human rights universal. Simn Bolvar: Liberation and Disappointment. Retreived from: https://rsf.org/en/ranking. Yet, Bolivar (very much as Unamuno would do almost a century later), embraced Spains African identity. Independence would, nevertheless, prove to be no easy task. Latin America in the World Arena, 1990s Present, Moments and Events in Contemporary US-Latin American Relations, Document #43: Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) statement on Honduras, Document #42 President Obamas speech at the 2009 Summit of the Americas, Document #44: The Path Forward for Honduras, Document #45 Honduras: The Obama Administrations First Latin American Waterloo (2009), Document #47 Hillary Clintons speech on Opportunity in the Americas (2010), Modern Latin America, 8th Edition Companion Website, Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies. Lpez, J and Lopez, J. The enforcement of public morality has repeatedly been associated with authoritarian regimes. Thus our position is most extraordinary and complicated. But in truth, for most of the 20th Century, Bolivar was more frequently an icon of authoritarian right-wing military Latin American governments, who quite openly opposed democratic institutions. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/267/26702702.pdf. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. Although some historians still debate this (Damas 1983; Draper 1968) it does not seem to be the case. Retrieved from: http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article9987. What I propose is an office for which the candidates must prepare themselves, an office that demands great knowledge and the ability to acquire such knowledge. A strongly rooted force can only correct this weakness. Who could resist the glorious attraction of the full and absolute enjoyment of sovereignty, independence, and liberty? Levenes thesis is only half true. Retrieved from: https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Carta_de_Bol%C3%ADvar_al_general_Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Flores_(1830). The ministers, being responsible for any transgressions committed, will actually govern, since they must account for their actions. He first settled in Jamaica, and then in Haiti. Levenes thesis proposes that the Indies were actually kingdoms with the same legal standing as kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula; the implication is that Bolivars struggle for independence was unjustified. Helg, A. 1965. In the Angostura Address, Bolivar, typical in his style, praises North American society over and over again: Our legislators were influenced by the provincials, and were carried away by the dazzling appearance of North Americas happiness, thinking that the blessings she enjoyed were owed exclusively to the form of government, and not to the character of the people (Bolivar 1819). The first time he mentions freedom he says, "Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that . This style seemed to serve a very specific purpose as by 1819, Bolivar was keen to present himself as a humble citizen that, only reluctantly, takes hold of power, not out of personal ambition, but because of some historical metaphysical necessity. In 1817, Bolivar captured the city of Angostura (now Ciudad Bolivar) and the whole of Guayana, and established it as his center of military operations. This address is for the Congress of Angostura in which the first issue he places on the table is that the mestizos are not European, nor Indians, but a mixture of both Spaniard and native blood. comments powered by Congress of Angostura, an 1819-1821 legislative body of Gran Colombia. The Cortes, assembled in Cadiz during Napoleons invasion of Spain, redacted a very liberal Constitution by the standards of the time. That Constitution, labeled the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, written under the auspices of Hugo Chavez and the self-proclaimed Bolivarian Revolution, went to great lengths in attempting to imitate Bolivarian thinking in every aspect of political organization. But then, mysteriously, Bolivar argues that those very advantages are a good reason why a republican president should be endowed with greater power than a constitutional prince (Bolivar 1819). Thanks to these achievements he would then be invited by the Peruvian authorities to organize the military campaign against the remaining Spanish and loyalist forces in Peru and Upper Peru (modern-day Bolivia), thus completing the final defeat of the Spanish Empire in South America. Death and Money in the Afternoon: A History of the Spanish Bullfight. He prepared weeks in advance the speech delivered on February 15th, 2019, to delegates of the Congress. The Congress would lay down the political foundation for the Third Republic. The morality of slavery was by no means a settled debate during the time of the Angostura Address. Give Venezuela such an executive power in the person of a president chosen by the people or their representatives, and you will have taken a great step toward national happiness. Thus, the Angostura Address is plentiful with passages such as these: Sir! This time, he wandered throughout the Caribbean. One common colonialist trope in the 19th Century was the concept of Oriental despotism (Wittfogel, 1953), popularized by Hegel and Hegelians especially Karl Marx himself. A republican magistrate is an individual set apart from society, charged with checking the impulse of the people toward license and the propensity of judges and administrators toward abuse of the laws. Americans and the French, Bolvar led the. Bogota: Random House. He genuinely emancipated slaves, yet was extremely afraid of a takeover by pardos and all the savage hordes from Africa and America who roam like wild deer in the wilderness of Colombia (Bolivar 1821). Bolivars stand on the abolition of monarchy, however, is more problematic. No matter what citizen occupies this office, he will be aided by the Constitution, and therein being authorized to do good, he can do no harm, because his ministers will cooperate with him only insofar as he abides by the law. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Yet, at the same time, Bolivar seems to reproduce some old colonialist tropes, according to which Anglo-Saxon peoples are more virtuous. University of Chicago Press. This would become a perennial feature amongst many Latin American caudillos ever since and something that would dominate most of the regions politics and society for the next century (Castro 2007). In the speech, Bolvar lays the foundations for the establishment of democratically governed Gran Colombia that is free from the burden of slavery and racial inequality. Colombia: Civility and Violence, Document #20: Press Release from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, Secretariat of the Central General Command of the FARC-EP (2002), Document #21: Statement by Humberto de la Calle, Head of the Government Delegation to the Conversations Table, Humberto de la Calle (2013), Chapter 8. However, as we will argue in this paper, it is precisely due to the nationalist distortions that are likely to occur around the nature and context of the Angostura delivery that calls for a more critical reading of the document. It is an office for which candidates ought to be prepared, as a senator needs much wisdom and the right faculties to acquire knowledge (Bolivar 1819). He ardently defended freedoms, yet he believed that South American nations were not fully prepared for liberal systems. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G and Lugo-Ocando J, The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading (2018) 47 Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 74 DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, Gabriel, and Jairo Lugo-Ocando. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Despite the confusing nature of some of these arguments, we must not lose sight of the fact that Bolivar was, above all, a man of revolutionary action, and he responded to particular historical circumstances that may have required some necessary measure in the mist of the chaos originated in the civil war that had been going on for almost ten years. Bolivar was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers. I will add that that people is unique in the history of the human race, and repeat that it is a miracle that a system as weak and complicated as the federal should have existed under so difficult and delicate circumstances as those which have occurred (Bolivar 1819). Did not monarchy exist in France for fourteen centuries? Bolivar, typical of his rhetorical style, concluded the Angostura Address with these words: Gentlemen! Draper, H. 1968. Bolvar had the objective of emerging a plan of governance as he lays out his understanding of the independence movement and his belief on how the future of Latin American nations should be legally structured. Angostura bitters, a flavoring. But the key difference is this: the governors of Isfahan are Persians, the viziers of the Great Lord in Turkey are Turks, and the sultans of Tartary are Tartars. But, this second Venezuelan Republic would also prove to be short-lived. Nevertheless, his main concern was not so much with absolutism itself, but rather, with the exclusion of criollos in the administration of the Spanish Empire. He begins the address by presenting the concept that "We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards" (Boli var). This question becomes even more important as it was central to the separatist movement against the Great Colombia that finally overthrew him and led to his exile and ultimate death in solitude. The executive is commander in chief of the army and navy; he makes peace and declares war; but Parliament annually determines what sums are to be paid to these military forces. It should be strongly proportioned to meet the resistance, which the executive must expect from the legislature, from the judiciary, and from the people of a republic. Bolivar was a great man of action and an important thinker, but he was still flawed in many regards. In 1829, in the mist of continuous crises of legitimacy, some of Bolivars loyalists in Bogota proposed to establish a monarchy, with Bolivar as king, although his title would be Liberator; he would then have a European prince as successor (Lynch 2010: 263). It met from February 15, 1819, established the new independent-from-Spain nation on December 17, was interrupted by further independentist activity, and reconvened on July 31, 1821, when . After Spains humiliating defeat in the Seven Years War, Charles III understood the necessity to cleanse the corrupt and inefficient administration of the Spanish Empire. The wording is unmistakably reminiscent of Benthams philosophy, and indeed, the English philosopher was a major influence on Bolivars political thinking. As early as 1805 (when he made his famous oath of American independence in Romes Monte Sacro), he was already determined to fight for American independence. 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