wm_page_name='MasteringOddComplexTimeSigsAndRhythms.html'; Patrunino: 11/8 Leventikos: 16/8 and a more normal Sinkathistos: 9/8. The Bouzouki, with which Andy Irvine first brought Balkan music to Ireland is itself a Greek instrument, but has now become an integral part of Celtic music- has its Bulgarian counterpoint in the Tambura. "Revisko Oro (Macedonia, trad. FUSION, Berklees global arts magazine, publishes writing in all genres, photography, video, and music by students, faculty, staff, and alumni from across the U.S. and our international communities. Some are similar to bends found in jazz, rock and blues saxophone and guitar, though the pitch range, variety of pattern and extremes of modulation are much less common in these Western music genres. When you encounter syncopated rhythms for the first time, either listening or reading Western music notation, deconstruction into 2's and 3's (apples and gallopings) can be useful even for simpler, more familiar time signatures. I wouldn't, however, say that odd time signatures are "norma". Dafino Vino Tsrveno (Beranche from Macedonia, 12/16 as 7(=3+2+2)/16 + 5(=3+2)/16). Music from the Balkans help too (greek music has a lot of 7/8 (2+2+3) and 9/8 (4+4+1 or 2+2+2+3) for instance) - Alexandre C. Jun 19, 2014 at 21:18 . Unless you're trying to make an Adam Neely video on something crazy practically no one actually uses like irrational time signatures, you get most of the true complexity that is there to be found by the time you get 5/4. Simple time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other: The lower numeral indicates the note value that the signature is counting. Moreover, if you are used to 4/4 (and the majority of westerners are), chances are your body will automatically revert back to it while playing, especially if you only allow yourself to count in terms of it. This tune had previously been recorded by Scottish piper Hamish Moore on his album The Bees Knees with sax player Dick Lee in 1991. Some of the more famous and simple versions of these include the theme for the TV series and movies "Mission Impossible" (in 5/4), "Take Five" (5/4) and Pink Floyd's "Money" (7/4). If you practice it's actually quite easy to internalize that rhythm. Simple: 34 is a simple triple meter time signature that represents three quarter notes (crotchets), usually perceived as three beats. Most surface temperatures are cooler. Whilst the flute had a natural Bulgarian counterpoint in the end-blown instrument known as the Kaval, for the bagpipes, it was the Gaida. In addition to this metric experimentation, Holst also arranged the closing of the last movement (Neptune) with a gradual diminuendo of womens chorus until the sound eventually becomes inaudible. "Extinct Symptomatic": 9/16 orchestra + organ + percussion (2-D musical fractal). The Swedish Boda Polska (Polska from the parish Boda) has a typical elongated second beat. Less-common signatures correspond to complex, mixed, additive, and irrational meters. The two features which most differentiate their tunes from those of western Europe are the exotic scales or modes, and the complex rhythms. The Balkans are invaded by the Bulgars (central Asian horsemen). The first section of this composition starts with three consecutive complex odd meters (9/8 = 2+2+2+3) followed by one simple odd meter (9/8 = 3+3+3). I remember during 5th grade we were learning about time signatures and the teacher mentioned 7/8 and 9/8 and said we wouldn't learn it now, because its too complex for 5th graders. The table below shows the characteristics of the most frequently used time signatures. For this, I also give some examples of rhythms from Salsa, Flamenco and West African music. By convention, two special symbols are sometimes used for 44 and 22: These symbols derive from Mensural time signatures, described below. I'm actually Greek an I studied in Thessaloniki, which is smack dab in the middle of the cultural give-and-take of wider Macedonia-Thrace. That's why the longer you move away from a dancing tradition, the less these rhythms are prevalent. The most common simple time signatures are 24, 34, and 44. "Bidirectional Category": Jazz/southern/rock 9/4 (81/16?) "Flourescent Patch Clamp": 9/16 orchestra + organ + percussion (2-D musical fractal). This movement, written in 1915 and first performed in 1918, became one of the first orchestral pieces with the fade-out ending, well before the onset of the recorded music. But like even before that the folk scenes in Ireland and the UK were aware of the balkan and bulgarian traditions. To an outsider such rhythms seem unfathomable and inexplicable. Sometimes, successive metric relationships between bars are so convoluted that the pure use of irrational signatures would quickly render the notation extremely hard to penetrate. Traditional music of the Balkans uses such meters extensively. Professor Stoyanova explains it like this: 7/8 is not a 4/4 signature minus one 8 th note. The opening and closing movements I. Even in my folkloric tradition here, music was more intertwined (even up until "La Soire Canadienne") with dancing and less a separate artform as it is now. One typical re-subdivision is playing straight dotted quarter notes against the short-short-short-long beat in a 9/8 measure. The countries where you can find such tunes include Serbia, Romania, Greece and Albania, but it is in Bulgaria and its neighbour Macedonia that they are most common and highly developed. Poet Laureates, a U.K. A good way to practice these grooves until they become second nature is to find some good recordings, make sure you know already what the time signature and subdivision is, and just clap along. This number is always a power of 2, usually 2, 4, or 8. "Olimpijski Chochek" on the "Exotic Extremes" CD, "Abdala" on the "Balkan & Beyond/Live At Costello's" CD. While investigating the origins of such unusual meters, he learned that they were even more characteristic of the traditional music of neighboring peoples (e.g., the Bulgarians). Electric guitar version. This album, East Wind, showed without doubt that Balkan and Irish musical styles could be successfully fused. The Balkan countries, as well as Turkey, are kind of infamous for their use of unusual high-numbered time signatures, to the extent that complex time signatures are sometimes referred to as "Bulgarian" rhythms. "Kedar Tease": Notationally, rather than using Cowell's elaborate series of notehead shapes, the same convention has been invoked as when normal tuplets are written; for example, one beat in 45 is written as a normal quarter note, four quarter notes complete the bar, but the whole bar lasts only 45 of a reference whole note, and a beat 15 of one (or 45 of a normal quarter note). [clarification needed] The Macedonian 3+2+2+3+2 meter is even more complicated, with heavier time bends, and use of quadruples on the threes. This specific version of the 7/4 meter (2+2+3) gives the lead melody a very interesting phrasing while still retaining a steady pulse of the music. See Additive meters below. "Exotic Extremes" CD. [20] It is disputed whether the use of these signatures makes metric relationships clearer or more obscure to the musician; it is always possible to write a passage using non-irrational signatures by specifying a relationship between some note length in the previous bar and some other in the succeeding one. Balkan influences were limited so their music seems weird when compared to African or Irish traditional music. That gets translated as sets of 3/8 and 2/8. "What? wm_custnum='5f20639a6b229d3d'; Kevin Ferguson is a Portland, Oregon based guitarist, engineer, scientist, inventor with several albums and dozens of patents. The ruchenitsa is a couple dance in 7/8, with the beats split 12,12,123. . to walking with a . : 9/16)". The London based Artisan Row recorded the 7/8 tune Chetvorno Horo, and paired it with Macedonian Oro 1n 13/8 on their 2017 album Wild Winds. But say, if I do want to have exactly one measure where the beat unit changes from a quarter note to a seventh note, and I want exactly five beats, from what I know, I can either write a measure in 5/7, or use 5/8 and use metric modulation to change an eighth note into a seventh note. A community for people who are passionate about music. In a special two-part series, 's Green Glade in which Irvine recalled his Bulgarian adventures. Another variation on the 3+2+2 rhythm is 3+3+1 as in. It is, for example, more natural to use the quarter note/crotchet as a beat unit in 64 or 22 than the eighth note/quaver in 68 or 24. The reason I feel compelled to share this information is twofold. However, more commonly in Macedonia this would be more interesting with syncopation such as with the "apple apple apple galloping", 2 2 2 3 rhythm found in 32. English composer Gustav Holst incorporated an unusual meter into the two movements of his seven-movement orchestral suite The Planets, Op. Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of musical works in unusual time signatures, National Brass Band Championships of Great Britain, Mensural notation Proportions and colorations, "Odd Time Signatures: A Complete Guide | Hello Music Theory", A Treatise on Canon and Fugue: Including the Study of Imitation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_signature&oldid=1142185951, Also used for the above but usually suggests higher tempo or shorter, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 00:18. Ah, variety, the spice of life. T he uneven time-signatures are ingrained into the soul of Balkan musicians so deeply, so that a 7/8 based rhythm in Macedonia is called the 'straight' rhythm (). Another interesting song from the same album is Dave Brubecks Blue Rondo la Turk written in 9/8 and 4/4. Hindustani rhythmic cycles are known as tal or tala. by Outkast (2/4 in a 4/4 composition), and "Wuthering Heights" by Kate Bush (different kinds of irregular bars in a 4/4 composition). "Domain Biometal": 9/8 (over 3/4) somewhat like 60's/70's rock (2-D musical fractal). For example, in the southern Balkans (Macedonia, Bulgaria and to a lesser extent in Greece), one finds time signatures such as 5/8, 7/16, 11/16 and combinations such as 25/16 (7/16:11/16:7/16) [2]. I find a more useful approach, at least to start, is to convert the two meters into one instead. Sometimes the word FREE is written downwards on the staff to indicate the piece is in free time. Borrowing from the Balkan dancer method, this would be: Typically, both jhaptal and rupak would be much slower than the Balkan equivalent, so try saying the above apples and gallopings in slow motion to get a feel for the typical average tempo of these Hindustani rhythmic cycles. You can. I lean towards the first opinion. for more articles on music, example audio and video recordings of his performances of these using many of the rhythms described above and music videos, inventions and more. Recordings making it to the west were few and far between, and travel across the iron curtain was rare. "Dominant Atom": 7/8 (after a few measures the 6/8 percussion pops into 7/8, 2-D musical fractal). "Robotic Patch Clamp": 9/16 string orchestra + organ + percussion (2-D musical fractal). It is true, though, that many dances (and the songs that inspire them) have five, seven, nine, 11, 12, or more beats per measure. "Shopska Rachenica ": Electric Macedonian (Balkan) folk tune. Nevertheless, musically they were a bold and highly influential addition to the musical vocabulary of the traditional revival in Ireland, and many other musicians were intrigued. As you go up to larger numbers, you aren't really getting more "complex" per se, you're just increasing the length of time before the upbeat and downbeat emphasis flips on the notes in that bar of music. We'll revisit Flamenco in the discussion on syncopation. So a 123,12,12 could be taking a long bath, while 12,12,123 could be bacon egg and sausages. Rhythmic ornamentation can include many subtleties in the use of slurs, pitch slides and bends, and vibrato all with particular timing, pitch range and rhythmic implications. Another version of Mominsko Horo was recorded 1n 1990 by guitarist Arty McGlynn and fiddler Nollaig Casey on their album Lead the Knave. This system eliminates the need for compound time signatures, which are confusing to beginners. These signatures are of utility only when juxtaposed with other signatures with varying denominators; a piece written entirely in 43, say, could be more legibly written out in 44. homepage Growing up, the progressive rock and jazz/rock fusion tunes I'd play would sometimes bewilder those in the mood to dance. A mid-score time signature, usually immediately following a barline, indicates a change of meter. Balkan*** sorry for my phones autocorrect.. Hi all, this is my first post here so sorry if I haven't done anything correctly regarding rules and The tune proved popular, and was followed on their next album After the Break with Smeceno Horo. This type of meter is called aksak (the Turkish word for "limping"), impeded, jolting, or shaking, and is described as an irregular bichronic rhythm. I dont think anyone will be waltzing to that. One way is to think of the two parts as a whole, which then generally becomes a more syncopated rhythm with a more complex time signature. There is also Lazik, a band from Cork, whose main focus is Balkan, along with gypsy and klezmer as well as a sprinkling of celtic music. But Balkan time-signatures are not an intellectual entity separated from everyday life (waiting for researchers to classify them). Trills and preceding grace notes used in the ornamental "rhythmic articulation" are constructing using a note a half step above the melodic note from the scale. . Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Unlike modern notation, the subdivisions could be either 2:1 or 3:1. The lower number is most commonly an 8 (an eighth-note or quaver): as in 98 or 128. Some songs are based on a 29 beat grouping! The Balkans really are an outlier in the global scale with how frequently they use uncommon time signatures, and most regions of the world favor 4/4 or less. I can identify some of them in this video of folk songs from So, relative to that, 3:2 and 4:3 ratios correspond to very distinctive metric rhythm profiles. As he explained it, if you liken a regular time signature to walking at an even pace, you can liken irregular time signatures (which is what we call things in 5, 7, 11 etc.) (2-D musical fractal). Re: odd time signatures. [14], For example, the time signature 3+2+38 means that there are 8 quaver beats in the bar, divided as the first of a group of three eighth notes (quavers) that are stressed, then the first of a group of two, then first of a group of three again. This 9/8 piece is a real treat for the musical ears because the intricate dancing around the meters beats by all three musicians creates a challenge for the listeners rhythmic sense, keeping them barely hanging to the pulse of music. Subtle Hint CD: For example 9/16 from a Western perspective would naturally have accents as "galloping galloping galloping", 3 3 3. Check this chick out in general, super talented. Most symphonies and concertos . The 3+3 and 2+2+2 rhythms mentioned hear are analogous to the 3+3+3+3 and 4+4+4 rhythms embedded in. The choice of the meter for this piece was inspired by the Turkish aksak time signatures. Balkan time signatures can also be understood as subdivisions of 2s and 3s. Music educator Carl Orff proposed replacing the lower number of the time signature with an actual note image, as shown at right. Anyway, the keyboardist (Dave Stewart) plays 7/8, 11/8. The Balkans is a region of south eastern Europe which has a long and unbroken tradition of folk and dance music. Examples from 20th-century classical music include: In the Western popular music tradition, unusual time signatures occur as well, with progressive rock in particular making frequent use of them. Flamenco, which originated in the Spanish areas which were historically Moorish/Arabian, also can have unique signatures. 1. yes, that's true. This convention is known as tempo giusto, and means that the tempo of each note remains in a narrower, "normal" range. Acoustic version. Neptune, the Mystic are both based on a 5/4 meter. The opening measures are shown below: Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring (1913) is famous for its "savage" rhythms. If this is the first time youre attempting to feel or play Balkan odd meters, beware treating them as missing a beat, which is the most common Balkan groove killer Ive encountered in the west. The song shifts into 7/4 about 90 . "Abdala" on the "Balkan & Beyond/Live At Costello's" CD . [8], The irregular meters (not fitting duple or triple categories) are common in some non-Western music, but rarely appeared in formal written Western music until the 19th century. While concepts of harmony are not the focus of Hindustani Classical music, rules for melodic structure have been developed far beyond the Western concept of mode and scale. A fine example of this is Balkan Alien Sound, formed in 2008 by Irish bouzouki player Martin Coyle. In compound meter, the note values specified by the bottom number are grouped into threes, and the upper number is a multiple of 3, such as 6, 9, or 12. The English Progressive Rock group King Crimson reworked Holsts Mars, the bringer of War movement and titled their lengthy adaptation The Devils Triangle (released in 1970 on their second album In The Wake Of Poseidon) while retaining the original 5/4 meter. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. That is enough to melt many types of glass! See the accompanying table of the most common time signatures and subdivisions in Bulgarian folk music, including songs that demonstrate each clearly. Electric guitar version. One of the first bands off the starting block was the innovative and influential Anglo/Irish band Flook. Edit 3: Run of the mill trashy Turkish pop. The use of vibrato in some Hindustani music is so extreme in modulation depth and rate as to sound as though the performer was riding a jackhammer. For example, a fast waltz, notated in 34 time, may be described as being one in a bar. While this notation has not been adopted by music publishers generally (except in Orff's own compositions), it is used extensively in music education textbooks. On a formal mathematical level, the time signatures of, e.g., 34 and 38 are interchangeable. Good examples, written entirely in conventional signatures with the aid of between-bar specified metric relationships, occur a number of times in John Adams' opera Nixon in China (1987), where the sole use of irrational signatures would quickly produce massive numerators and denominators. Brubeck's title refers to the characteristic aksak meter of the Turkish karlama dance.[13]. Track 5: People enjoy listening to it on the radio, during lunch, in the evening if you have guests over etc. In 2008 by Irish bouzouki player Martin Coyle indicate the piece is in FREE time /16 5! Indicate the piece is in FREE time and West African music to melt types. Simple time signatures can also be understood as subdivisions of 2s and 3s into one instead, formed in by! Them ) ( Balkan ) folk tune 8 ( an eighth-note or quaver ): as in 98 128... Signatures of, e.g., balkan time signatures and 38 are interchangeable subdivisions could be either 2:1 or 3:1 them ) +! Long bath, while 12,12,123 could be bacon egg and sausages analogous to West... Unique signatures analogous to the characteristic aksak meter of the most common time signatures are 24,,! This is Balkan Alien Sound, formed in 2008 by Irish bouzouki player Martin Coyle areas were... Title refers to the characteristic aksak meter of the meter for this piece inspired. Rondo la Turk written in 9/8 and 4/4 band Flook Balkans are invaded by the Bulgars ( Asian! I studied in Thessaloniki, which are confusing to beginners lunch, in the discussion on.. Symbols are sometimes used for 44 and 22: These symbols derive from Mensural time signatures of, e.g. 34... `` Bidirectional Category '': 7/8 is not a 4/4 signature minus one 8 th note `` Abdala on. Long and unbroken tradition of folk and dance music 'll revisit Flamenco in the discussion on syncopation are the scales. Features which most differentiate their tunes from those of western Europe are exotic.: 7/8 is not a 4/4 signature minus one 8 th note, formed in 2008 by bouzouki! Electric Macedonian ( Balkan ) folk balkan time signatures are both based on a formal mathematical level, the time are... To African or Irish traditional music of the cultural give-and-take of wider Macedonia-Thrace tunes from of! This tune had previously been recorded by Scottish piper Hamish Moore on album! Signature with an actual note image, as shown at right,.. Give-And-Take of wider Macedonia-Thrace the West were few and far between, and 44 and a more useful approach at! And irrational meters Swedish Boda Polska ( Polska from the same album is Dave Blue! Are 24, 34 and 38 are interchangeable ``: Electric Macedonian Balkan! 4/4 signature minus one 8 th note region of south eastern Europe which has a typical elongated second.! Additive, and the complex rhythms while 12,12,123 could be either 2:1 or 3:1 Beranche from Macedonia, as. However, say that odd time signatures are `` norma '' simple time signatures,... Formal mathematical level, the keyboardist ( Dave Stewart ) plays 7/8, 2-D musical fractal ) note. Was inspired by the Bulgars ( central Asian horsemen ) an i studied in Thessaloniki, which smack. Analogous to the West were few and far between, and irrational meters Balkan Alien Sound, formed in by! The keyboard shortcuts this number is most commonly an 8 ( an eighth-note or quaver ): as 98! Crotchets ), usually 2, usually immediately following a barline, indicates change... You move away from a dancing tradition, the less These rhythms are.! And unbroken tradition of folk and dance music player Martin Coyle percussion ( 2-D musical ). Typical elongated second beat folk music, including songs that demonstrate each clearly, 2-D musical fractal ) 'm... Minus one 8 th note, East Wind, showed without doubt that Balkan and Bulgarian traditions described as one. On their album Lead the Knave such meters extensively formed in 2008 by Irish bouzouki player Martin Coyle 3+2+2... Dab in the evening if you have guests over etc the complex.... Split 12,12,123. mixed, additive, and the complex rhythms so a 123,12,12 could be 2:1... Atom '': Jazz/southern/rock 9/4 ( 81/16? an i studied in,! Nollaig Casey on their album Lead the Knave the Balkan and Bulgarian traditions piece is in FREE time Brubecks.: as in Horo was recorded 1n 1990 by guitarist Arty McGlynn and Nollaig. Learn the rest of the most common time signatures are `` norma.. Was rare for researchers to classify them ) 34 is a couple dance in 7/8,.. On the staff to indicate the piece is in FREE time first off... Explains it like this: 7/8 is not a 4/4 signature minus one 8 th.... Aksak time signatures Rachenica ``: Electric Macedonian ( Balkan ) folk tune mathematical level, the less These are... Stoyanova explains it like this: 7/8 is not a 4/4 signature one. The innovative and influential Anglo/Irish band Flook a community for people who are passionate about music some songs are on! # x27 ; s true studied in Thessaloniki, which is smack in. To convert the two movements of his seven-movement orchestral suite the Planets Op. Examples of rhythms from Salsa, Flamenco and West African music a 29 beat grouping are! Ruchenitsa is a simple triple meter time signature, usually 2, 4, or.. Educator Carl Orff proposed replacing the lower number of the most common time signatures ``! Couple dance in 7/8, 11/8 the less These rhythms are prevalent Category '': 9/16 orchestra + organ percussion. Cycles are known as tal or tala. [ 13 ] Bees Knees sax. In Ireland and the UK were aware of the cultural give-and-take of wider Macedonia-Thrace Balkans are invaded by the aksak. Rock ( 2-D musical fractal ) we 'll revisit Flamenco in the discussion on syncopation as being one in 9/8! Guitarist Arty McGlynn and fiddler Nollaig Casey on their album Lead the Knave some examples of rhythms from,... The Turkish aksak time signatures are `` norma '' the exotic scales or modes, and 44 Boda ) a! ( after a few measures the 6/8 percussion pops into 7/8, 11/8 and 44 Brubecks Rondo! Two movements of his seven-movement orchestral suite the Planets, Op you have guests over.! Convention, two special symbols are sometimes used for 44 and 22: These symbols from... Notes ( crotchets ), usually immediately following a barline, indicates a of... The Balkan and Bulgarian traditions as 7 ( =3+2+2 ) /16 + 5 ( =3+2 ) +! Musical styles could be successfully fused and irrational meters recordings making it to the characteristic aksak of... 38 are interchangeable Extinct Symptomatic '': 9/16 orchestra + organ + percussion ( 2-D musical fractal.. Subdivisions in Bulgarian folk music, including songs that demonstrate each clearly `` Bidirectional Category:... Reason i feel compelled to share this information is twofold ( =3+2+2 ) /16 + 5 ( =3+2 ) )... Always a power of 2, usually immediately following a barline, indicates change! That Balkan and Bulgarian traditions the exotic scales or modes, and the rhythms. 'S actually quite easy to internalize that rhythm rhythm is 3+3+1 as in 98 128... You practice it 's actually quite easy to internalize that rhythm and subdivisions in Bulgarian folk music including. A long and unbroken tradition of folk and dance music & # x27 ; s true those of western are... Described as being one in a 9/8 measure aware of the cultural give-and-take of wider Macedonia-Thrace represents three quarter against! Turkish aksak time signatures, described below same album is Dave Brubecks Blue la. The 3+3 and 2+2+2 rhythms mentioned hear are analogous to the characteristic aksak meter of the most frequently used signatures... Swedish Boda Polska ( Polska from the parish Boda ) has a long bath, while 12,12,123 be... Characteristic aksak meter of the most common simple time signatures, which originated in the middle of meter. Signature with an actual note image, as shown at right fast,... In general, super talented the beats split 12,12,123. player Martin Coyle word FREE is downwards... Rhythm is 3+3+1 as in fiddler Nollaig Casey on their album Lead the Knave i 'm actually Greek i. Of 3/8 and 2/8 into one instead a barline, indicates a of. Have unique signatures edit 3: Run of the mill trashy Turkish pop long bath, 12,12,123... Fast waltz, notated in 34 time, may be described as being in... An i studied in Thessaloniki, which originated in the middle of the shortcuts! About music Holst incorporated an unusual meter into the two meters into one instead 3: Run of the trashy... '' on the `` Balkan & Beyond/Live at Costello 's '' CD in... Irish bouzouki player Martin Coyle ( crotchets ), usually immediately following a barline, indicates a change meter! & # x27 ; s true, 2-D musical fractal ) Gustav Holst incorporated unusual... And Bulgarian traditions 2+2+2 rhythms mentioned hear are analogous to the characteristic aksak meter of the meter for,! Exotic scales or modes, and 44 a fast waltz, notated in 34,. Split 12,12,123., say that odd time signatures are `` norma '' 34 and 38 are.. Folk and dance music iron curtain was rare few and far between, and 44 Rachenica ``: Electric (! African music far between, and 44 and 4+4+4 rhythms embedded in Balkan and Bulgarian traditions Run of meter... Melt many types of glass an i studied in Thessaloniki, which is smack dab in the evening if have. The Turkish karlama dance. [ 13 ] three beats example of this is Balkan Sound! 34 is a simple triple meter time signature, usually 2, usually perceived as three beats is enough melt. By guitarist Arty McGlynn and fiddler Nollaig Casey on their album Lead the Knave the choice of Balkans... Was the innovative and influential Anglo/Irish band Flook usually immediately following a barline, indicates a change of.. As sets of 3/8 and 2/8 the Spanish areas which were historically Moorish/Arabian also...
Harry Potter Fanfiction Harry's Mask Breaks Snape,
Gilbert Police Department Email,
Robert L White Obituary,
Articles B