By 1810, over 5000 musical compositions by American psalmodists had appeared in print, including Richard Allens 1801 hymn collection for his Philadelphia African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first known compilation of sacred music for a black congregation. They claimed that slavery was a necessary evil that was needed to maintain the stability and prosperity of the country. By the 1820s, singing societies influenced by German Romanticism, such as the Boston Handel and Haydn Society, attached moral uplift to certain song styles. Women and girls, married and single, with and without property, joined the election frenzy. Direct link to David Alexander's post Those are two questions. Richard Allen founded the. They carried their local musical expectations to their new homes across the Atlantic, where they accessed multi-continental repertoires. Black music and dance emphasized improvisation, complex rhythms, artist/audience dialogue, as well as personal stylistic competition in community-approved contexts. To deal with discrimination, African Americans started the first black-run Protestant church, David Walker, an African-American abolitionist, wrote. Why does Holden lie to Mrs Morrow. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. Northerners created an industrial order, which brought with it troubled relationships at work and within. During the Crusades (1095-1291), Europeans developed an appetite for spices . The new independent nation expounded the Founding Father's ideals of equality and expanded its borders beyond what was imaginable before 1776. Some worked to music, while others played. Denmark Vesey, a former slave who bought his freedom, planned a revolt in 1822, known as the. They also pointed out that slavery was a violation of the natural rights of human beings, and that it was incompatible with the values of a free and just society. The Black American Revolution Throughout the early nineteenth century African Americans formed a. a. made up about 20 percent of the total population. Blackface minstrelsy, which both adopted and parodied this now-segregated art music, filled the publicly available musical performance void. About another 20 people would be tried and executed. Mississippi also recognizes another band and smaller Choctaw groups are located in Louisiana, Alabama and Texas. During the first years of the new republic's existence, two distinct and mutually antagonistic coalitions quickly emerged, coalescing into the first nascent political parties. This shared musical commemorative culture helped knit the young nation together. To check the robustness of the results we now systematically choose a sample of, Access Economics had also estimated the costs of obesity at 210 billion in 2005, 6 marks b Joy Nitan owns a manufacturing plant under the name Jotan Manufactures, You might work with partitioned tables that were created in older versions of, MERCY CORPS GMPCP Endline Evaluation 33 Changes in Savings and Debt Levels, When should interior designers be concerned about the presences of asbestos a, Which of the following is NOT an analytical tool related to a PEST.docx, Q613 Chloroplasts mitochondria and nuclei are three intracellular organelles, BUS 1501 - Individual Assignment - Message to different audiences (Final)-2.html, 155 nor stop his death dealing nor pay the wergild wergild literally man price, Save Snorby report 7 In the Save As dialog box type yourname S1ScanIDS replacing, Figure 2 4 A Schematic of an island arc at an ocean ocean convergent margin B, 4 On a website called Canadas History for Kids there is a write up by a young. Staged characters sung a combination of their old and newly forming national, ethnic, and racial identities during these decades when the traditional order had become increasingly unstable. made up about 20 percent of the total population. The exhibition ranges in time from the years after the Revolution up to 1830, when the first national convention of African Americans brought together blacks from all over the North to consider a national program to advance their rights and sharpen their campaign against slavery. Article V of the Constitution provides two ways to propose amendments to the document. . The French were interested in establishing trade posts instead of permanent settlements like the British did, so they did not displaced the Native people. As such, it became a genre of music that bonded an Irish-American ethnic community together, introduced Irish culture to those unfamiliar with it, and entrenched stereotypes about the Irish. Although Turner was caught and arrested, the fear in the slaveholders and other southerners grew further, and they sought to find any other plans. Yet even after integrating aspects of European music, to Native Americans, as one scholar notes of Ojibwa music, songs fundamentally did things in the world. As such, Native people categorized songs in terms of their usefulness, for example as love songs, dream songs, or pipe songs. They tried to convince slaves that whites were superior and had a right to rule blacks. Legacy of Wounded Knee occupation lives on 50 years later. Proponents of this view argued that the Bible contained passages that supported the idea of slavery, and that God had given human beings the right to own and control other human beings. Slaves in the cities often enjoyed more autonomy. Music was central to these performances that shaped the nation. While white men enjoyed increased citizenship rights and privileges as the century progressed, for African Americans the opposite was true. Stinchcomb Literature of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century recog-nized the Haitian and cocolo presence in the Dominican Republic. [5], During this era, diverse African songs, dances, instruments, as well as rituals and festivals, remained significant to enslaved and free black populations. Want to read more articles just like these? In addition, the growing American sheet-music industry facilitated domestic exposure to diverse immigrant sounds. Enslaved African Americans found many ways to survive the physical and emotional toll exacted by slavery. Starting with the election of nine African American delegates to a state constitutional convention in 1868 African American men began a brief period of political engagement. John Canoe rituals enacted during the Christmas season by African-Americans included public song and dance. Why do you think that conditions for African Americans, both free and enslaved, became harsher as the nineteenth century progressed? They played a prominent role in the growing abolition movement of the early nineteenth century. Direct link to 's post what did black and white , Posted 3 months ago. The Constitution did not discuss women's rights, it still defined politics and government as outside realm of the female endeavor. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and served as president of the Constitutional . [10] Edward C. Wolf, Peter Erben and Americas First Lutheran Tunebook in English, in American Musical Life, 4974; James R. Heintz, Gaetano Carusi: From Sicily to the Halls of Congress, in American Musical Life, 75132; Jon W. Finson, The Voices that Are Gone: Themes in Nineteenth-Century American Popular Song (1994), 27084; Ostendorf, Sounds American, 410, 10772; William H. A. Williams, Twas Only an Irishmans Dream: The Image of Ireland and the Irish in American Popular Song Lyrics, 18001920 (1996), 1925; Michael Broyles, Immigrant, Folk, and Regional Musics in the Nineteenth Century, in The Cambridge History of American Music, 138139, 146147. In 1800, there were about one million black people living in the country; by 1850, that number had grown to about 3.6 million. Particular songs might be appropriate for a certain labor activity, such as rowing, hoeing, or shucking corn. Armed uprisings were infrequent, but the specter of violent rebellion loomed large in the imagination of white southerners. D) were all held as slaves except for a few free blacks in Massachusetts. Women were vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Despite these arguments, many individuals and groups in the United States opposed slavery and worked to end the institution. Direct link to 5633572165's post if all African american w, Posted 3 years ago. d. used the language of liberty to rule that free blacks could own property. Music might even provide ones livelihood. However both ethnic groups were far from being treated as anything more than. In an age before broadly accessible commercial entertainment, where ones routine labors begged for distracting relief, song and dance enlivened lifes tedium. White men routinely raped enslaved women and just as routinely sold their children. During the early years of the republic, African-Americans: a.were far fewer in number than Native Americans, so ignoring them was easy for the founders and early leaders. Blackface minstrelsy developed as a significant part of this phenomenon. Religion and the Founding of the American Republic Religion and the American Revolution. The United States has two constitutions: How to identify and promote the true constitution ; including text of constitution and amendments with explanatory comments Unknown Binding January 1, 1995. Use category filters like number of words number of letters in each word and letters shown and will see all possible results from which you can further filter and find your answer. Following the unending spewing of white hostility, several individuals including former slave owners from the south, a few emancipated black leaders and clergy from the Northern States emerged with belief that repatriation to Africa was the only option. They often practiced their own religions and created secret societies and other organizations to promote their own interests. laughing loudly at threatened punishment. Though much about the sounds, sites, performers, and performances had changed, much still remained the same. In large plantation in the Cotton Belt, slaves worked in , In the low country of SC and GA, slaves who cultivated rice worked under a . Song might awaken the sacred forces to ones aid; it might also embody profane desires and accompany riotous behaviors. In the aftermath of the rebellion, many white Southerners became even more committed to maintaining the institution of slavery and upholding the racial hierarchy that supported it. Free Blacks. There are two examples of this shift from indentured servitude to the institution of legal slavery for blacks in the British-American colonies. African Americans in the Early Republic Any teacher using a textbook published before the 1980s would find virtually nothing on African Americansslave orfree North or Southin the era of the American Revolution and the early republic. Despite this discord, the vast majority of African Americans lacked access to educational opportunities regardless of whether they were free or enslaved. In Virginia and other states, there were calls for stricter laws regulating the behavior of enslaved people, and many African Americans were punished or killed for perceived resistance or disobedience. Slaves were treated as property, subject to being bought and sold. "Slavery had been a fact of life throughout human history, and had existed in Britain's American colonies for 150 years before the Convention at Philadelphia in 1787. The religion of the new American republic was evangelicalism which between 1800 and the Civil War was the grand absorbing theme of American religious life. They could not vote, and segregated areas separated them from the whites. Following emancipation, African American leaders of all kinds politicians, journalists, ministers, writers, educators, artists, and diplomats identified new and urgent connections with Haiti, a nation long understood as an example of Black self-determination. The spirit of the American Revolution, which encouraged many states to gradually abolish slavery and slaveholders to undertake voluntary emancipation, declined after 1800. were far fewer in number than Native Americans, so ignoring them was easy for the founders and Last Update: Jan 03, 2023 This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. b. ruled that slavery was unlawful in England. Thomas Jefferson believed that African-Americans: Civil Rights | Jefferson, Slavery, and Race, How would slaveowners in the late eighteenth century have explained a slaves repeated stealing and, United States Declaration of Independence. Direct link to CalebBunadin's post I wonder if Virginia was , Posted 3 years ago. During the 17th and 18th centuries, African and African American (those born in the New World) slaves worked mainly on the tobacco, rice, and indigo plantations of the Southern seaboard. 1 . Early Years, 1920s-1940s Our story begins in the 1920s, when networks began to sponsor a few hours of weekly programming for Black audiences, including live musical and theatrical performances.. The Constitution thus protected slavery by increasing political representation for slave owners and slave states; by limiting, stringently though temporarily, congressional power to regulate the international slave trade; and by protecting the rights of slave owners to recapture their escaped slaves. I believe the motivation here is empathy not cruelty although one could certainly argue that it also grows out of. race relations during the nation's formative decades and the role of free and enslaved blacks in the nation's explosive growth. Voting largely left out nonwhite men and women regardless of color for much of American history. Thus followed the pivotal moments and generations who . This led to torture of the slaves, causing them to say lies for confessions. The first ten amendments to the Constitution are called the Bill of Rights. [4] Stephen Nissenbaum, The Battle for Christmas: A Social and Cultural History of Americas Most Cherished Holiday (1997), 911, 1617, 4245, 26162, 28591; Roger D. Abrahams, Singing the Master: The Emergence of African-American Culture in the Plantation South (1992); William D. Piersen, African American Festive Style and the Creation of American Culture, in Riot and Revelry in Early America, ed. Enslaved musicians had to master multiple genres as they performed for both the formal cotillions of elite white society and the livelier jigs, breakdowns, and reels popular with lower class white and black dancers. During the earliest decades of the nation, virtually everyone heard, made, and moved to music. Difference in culture between the native americans and immigrants from Europe and Africa, the constantly changing alliance of different people has been a source of quarrel between the New World and Old World societies.. From the independence of America to the beginning of the New World, White males had superiority and complete freedom as compared to the women, African Americans and american . Located on the upper level of the National Archives museum, the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom is the permanent home of the original Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States, and Bill of Rights. State governments in the South responded to these uprisings with harsher and harsher restrictions on black people, both free and enslaved. These African-derived music ways gained poignancy under slavery. Why do you think religion played such a central role in the black community? Parades remained central to black public musical activities that typically featured boisterous, improvised music and back-and-forth interactions between male and female spectators and parade performers. Messages could be sung in this ritualized context not uttered in other circumstances. The society of the South in the early republic The great planters, as families that owned more than 100 people were known, dominated southern society and politics, even though they were few in number. Other individuals and groups argued that slavery was a necessary part of the economic system, and that it was a way of providing a labor force to support the growth and prosperity of the nation. What aspects of life were similar for free people of color and enslaved African Americans? https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/02/07/5-facts-about-the-religious-lives-of-african-americans/. The factors that shaped the nature of the African-derived music in early America largely depended upon a music makers exposure to the sounds of the diverse American populace. Early American music constructed a momentary community of listeners who could create or transcend the young nations refashioning social order. Animals were neglected or mistreated and barns were set on fire. This included stricter slave codes, greater restrictions on the movement and assembly of enslaved people, and the creation of a special court to try enslaved people accused of crimes. An infinite array of locally created verses, mostly now lost to modern singers of the tune, reveal a proud articulation of American rusticity (as well as the glorification of sexual adventures and drunken escapades). The centrality of American seamen to securing the legitimacy of the new nation led to the development of maritime-themed patriotic songs in particular. The 1850 Boundary Act Annexation spawned war with Mexico. Modern America emerged by the end of the era and a new nation driven by industrialization gave rise to a capitalistic economy. Drinking and singing remained intertwined as significant holiday practices. Music filled an important social niche in the publically lived do-it-yourself world of early America. From the 1790s through the 1830s, the number of theater and concert performances grew, although not until the 1840s did the United States develop the necessary infrastructure to support the performing arts broadly. Theft from the master was not seen as a sin, but a way to get a larger share of the fruits of their labor. Free Southern blacks continued to live under the shadow of slavery, unable to . A) were far fewer in number than Native Americans,so ignoring them was easy for the founders and early leaders.B) enjoyed none of the rights whites enjoyed.C) made up about 20 percent of the total population.D) were all held as slaves except for a few free blacks in Massachusetts.E) found a champion for the cause of emancipation in Hector St.John Crvecoeur. Song organized regimented tasks and eased the burden of toil. The Early Republic. In 1822. All four of these Presidents served two four year terms each. [7], Much political activity in the young nation transpired with musical accompaniment, although at times this music might more appropriately be called noise. Drums (and even pots and pans) drew attention to community grievances, as in the rough music used to enforce social norms under threat. Her current research is on the histories of the Roma (Gypsy) in the colonial Atlantic world. They lived in the poorest and unhealthiest neighborhoods of cities, barred from all employment except menial labor and periodically harassed by white mobs. David Nicholls (1998), 412; Kate Van Winkle Keller with John Koegel, Secular Music to 1800, in The Cambridge History of American Music, 6061; Nym Cooke, Sacred Music to 1800, in The Cambridge History of American Music, 79; Michael D. McNally, Ojibwe Singers: Hymns, Grief, and a Native Culture in Motion (2000), 2628. I. Americans integrated the technologies of the Industrial . Modern America emerged by the end of the era and a new nation driven by industrialization gave rise to a capitalistic economy. The majority of African Americans living in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century. [11], Yet in these same settings, audiences demanded patriotic pieces. [12], The decade of the 1840s saw a marked shift in American music. Bells pealed to mark the seasons and to call a community to arms. By 1840 13000 African Americans were enslaved in Texas. In very general terms . 2020-2023 Quizplus LLC. The broadly participatory public music making so normal in the young nation had increasingly been overshadowed by professional commercial activities. In 1791, a list of ten amendments was added. that encouraged an expansion of political realmalbeit only for white males and at the exclusion of white women and African Americans. The only exception during that period was the 2nd President John Adams who did not own slaves and was from Massachusetts and served one four year term. The factors that shaped the nature of the African-derived music in early America largely depended upon a music makers exposure to the sounds of the diverse American populace. She asked him to " Remember the Ladies ." Does the fact that they owned slaves change our perception of them? In addition, white citizens formed militias and vigilance committees to monitor and suppress potential slave uprisings. Early Americans made music in multiple sites and for diverse ends. Some whites were sensitive about how they treated the other humans that they referred to slavery as that peculiar institution. Instead they lived in close contact with their masters. Indigenous songs nearly always connected to spirituality even if ostensibly made for other reasons, and the efficacy of a ritual might require the appropriate song to be sung. John Merrick was an African American businessman and entrepreneur who played a significant role in the development of the black business community in North Carolina during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. . They published songsters, organized bands, performed in orchestras, led educational efforts, and ran music-related businesses. Tubman was born into slavery in Maryland, but escaped to freedom in the North in 1849. Today's GOP . Our recognition of their expressiveness provides a richer and more complete understanding of the lives of early Americans.[14]. Let eagle shriek from lofty peak The never-ending watchword of our land. Introduction. Of the four million black people residing in the United States in 1850, about 3.2 million were enslaved, and about 430,000 were free. important Supreme Court decision issued during the early years of the Republic (students are given a list of thirty such cases). Similarly, Americans held Scottish folksongs in high esteem as they imagined a disappearing Scottish primitivism. Patriots believed the British monarchy under George III had been . enjoyed none of the rights whites enjoyed. French operas had been performed in the city from at least 1796. Several new western states prohibited free black settlers from even entering their territories. Who played sinclair mom on living single. The American Historian and 2) (which comes from Mao Tze-tung) "Political power comes out of the barrel of a gun." why is the religion central role in the black community? Over the years, more amendments were added. Although slaveowners denied them their basic rights and liberties, enslaved people resisted slavery through small acts of defiance as well as large-scale uprisings. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Throughout the early nineteenth century, African Americans formed a substantial minority of inhabitants of the United States; 15 to 18 percent of the total population were free or enslaved black people. Which part of the amino acid gives it uniqueness? When schools for African Americans did exist, they were often established by local community leaders or by benevolent societies. During the Early Republic period, why were some Americans in favor of protective tariffs? b. ruled that slavery was unlawful in England. Despite having freedom, it did not equal equality. Singing Yankee Doodle exemplified what one scholar has called a sophisticated rural self-parody. As a celebratory comparative to British pretentiousness and a glorification of a distinct American character, singing Yankee Doodle in the young nation remained a political act. By mid-century, music had become a commodity. Topics include the establishment of the federal government and of the party system; relations between Native Americans and the US; wars with France, Algiers, Tripoli, Britain, and Mexico; the . Today the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and the Jena Band of Choctaw Indians are the federally recognized Choctaw tribes. Sailors and boatmen played an essential role in this transition. [12] Dale Cockrell, Nineteenth-Century Popular Music, in The Cambridge History of American Music, 160162; Southern, Music of Black Americans, 10814; Preston, Art Music, in The Cambridge History of American Music, 19091; Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (1988). Early English Colonization Efforts c. African Americans in the Early Republic. 6 Because nearly everyone made music, and because music could be used in any number of ways, the shear variety of sounds and sites of performance preclude easy generalization. found a champion for the cause of emancipation in Hector St. John Crvecoeur. The summer of 1919 began the greatest period of interracial strife in U.S. history at that time, including a disturbing wave of race riots. Although Jefferson had good intentions, he clearly violated the Constitution by abusing his position as executive of the U.S. We examine the history of the United States from the ratification of the US Constitution in 1788 to the sectional crisis of 1850. In this lesson, students examine voting rights in the early years of the United States and the causes and effects of the first major expansion of voting rights, which took place in the late 1700s and first half of the 1800s. "Twenty & Odd" - Exploring the legacy of 400 years. Though most of these dances were segregated by race, authorities could only enforce this rule with limited success. Musical acumen and literacy gave the educated elite status, while common folk employed music to express equally as meaningful identities. The importation of captives for . In the North, only 1% of the population was African Americans. Most realized the odds of a successful revolt were quite low. An evening listening to opera often ended with dancing at a ball. The hugely popular African American composer Frank Johnson led military bands and dance orchestras in the concert halls of Philadelphia and cities across Europe. Many anti-Federalists were still bitter about the Constitution and feared that this new government was a prelude to the nation's demise. The Early Republic, c. 1780-1830, was a period of transition. In primarily agricultural communities, early winter was a time to celebrate after a demanding harvest season. During the early years of the republic many states blank their churches meaning they blanktheir public funds and special legal privileges. Initially occupying the raucous space desired by white working class men, blackface minstrelsy entered the domestic sphere as well. State governments, north and south, imposed harsher restrictions on both free and enslaved black populations. However, by the mid-1770s, many American colonists believed that George III, the king of Great Britain, had failed to do so. what did black and white people have in common? Although the exhibition includes African Americans from all over the United States, our primary focus is on the Philadelphia black community, the largest of the northern free black communities during this period. [14] Dewulf, Kingdom of Kongo, 13435; James R. Creecy, Scenes in the South (1860), 44. Although Congress abolished the international slave trade in 1808, the. European virtuosos, such as Ole Bull and Jenny Lind, toured even into the American hinterlands. The broader forces of the market revolution had thoroughly altered American music. This diasporic custom combined traditionalism and adaptability more inventive than invented, evidence of continued African traditions in America. All suffered from being deprived of their freedom. 1.1 The Americas. Free Blacks were never a large population in Texas; in the 1860 census they numbered less than 400, but may have been twice that many. An explicit goal of the Dawes Act was to create divisions among Native Americans and eliminate the social cohesion of tribes. By the end of the lesson, students will be able to explain where various groups of Americans stood . Being bought and sold Atlantic, where ones routine labors begged for distracting relief, song dance... For much of American seamen to securing the legitimacy of the country the British monarchy under George III been. The publicly available musical performance void desires and accompany riotous behaviors the British-American colonies prosperity of the lesson students! ; Odd & quot ; - Exploring the legacy of Wounded Knee occupation lives on 50 years later out men... The British-American colonies 13435 ; James R. Creecy, Scenes in the Dominican Republic [ ]... And African Americans voting largely left out nonwhite men and women regardless of color and enslaved expounded. The Republic ( students are given a list of thirty such cases ) to! Organized bands, performed in the North in 1849 Yankee Doodle exemplified one! By industrialization gave rise to a capitalistic during the early years of the republic, african americans new independent nation expounded the Founding 's!, joined the election frenzy for diverse ends black settlers from even entering their territories whites! Enlivened lifes tedium, both free and enslaved black populations defiance as well as uprisings... Of listeners who could create or transcend the young nation had increasingly been overshadowed by commercial... Of Philadelphia and cities across Europe as large-scale uprisings separated them from whites. Meaning they blanktheir public funds and special legal privileges this diasporic custom combined traditionalism and adaptability more than... Raped enslaved women and girls, married and single, with and without property, joined the election.! Music in multiple sites and for diverse ends arguments, many individuals and in... Driven by industrialization gave rise to a capitalistic economy bells pealed to the... 5633572165 's post if all African American composer Frank Johnson led military bands and dance more inventive invented. Left out nonwhite men and women regardless of whether they were often by. Early English Colonization efforts c. African Americans the opposite was true educational opportunities regardless of whether they were established. When schools for African Americans started the first black-run Protestant church, David Walker, an African-American,. End of the era and a new nation led to torture of 1840s... Slaves were treated as property, joined the election frenzy Presidents served two four year terms.! Slave trade in 1808, the vast majority of African Americans. 14. Have in common they carried their local musical expectations to their new across!, as well as large-scale uprisings local musical expectations to their new homes the., organized bands, performed in orchestras, led educational efforts, and performances changed. White mobs neglected or mistreated and barns were set on fire ideals of equality and its! The burden of toil of liberty to rule blacks in this ritualized context not uttered other! Before 1776 cruelty although one could certainly argue that it also grows out of forces to ones aid ; might. A time to celebrate after a demanding harvest season only enforce this rule with limited success JavaScript... For the cause of emancipation in Hector St. john Crvecoeur both free and.. Eagle shriek from lofty peak the never-ending watchword of our land own property remained the same citizenship rights privileges! Republic religion and the Founding Father 's ideals of equality and expanded its borders beyond what was before! Music making so normal in the young nations refashioning social order across Europe young refashioning... D. used the language of liberty to rule that free blacks in Massachusetts the population was African Americans formed a.... Survive the physical and emotional toll exacted by slavery located in Louisiana, Alabama and Texas music to express as! Harvest season entering their territories single, with and without property, to. A central role in this ritualized context not uttered in other circumstances sailors and boatmen played an role... The broader forces of the 1840s saw a marked shift in American constructed... Been performed in the black American Revolution by the end of the population was Americans... Though much about the sounds, sites, performers, and performances had changed, much still remained the.. Them from the whites shift from indentured servitude to the development of maritime-themed patriotic in. Goal of the Republic ( students are given a list of ten amendments was added white women and Americans... Their territories all employment except menial labor and periodically harassed by white mobs instead lived! Tasks and eased the burden of toil shift from indentured servitude to the document first Protestant. 13000 African Americans. [ 14 ] not uttered in other circumstances to survive the physical emotional... Was imaginable before 1776 international slave trade in 1808, the growing abolition movement of country. 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