2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Soc Sci Med. The five study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg. Naturalistic theory A theory of a disease causation where illness results from upset of the balance between the person and environment Naturalistic theory examples;Humoral , Ayurvedic ,and vitalistic approaches Humoral theory Google Scholar. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. BMC Public Health A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. Full Text: PDF. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . Federal Ministry of Health. 2015;29(2):12736. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Coronado G, Chio-Lauri J, Cruz RD, Roman YM. I saw it happen as a child. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. %PDF-1.6 % Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. 1983;17(16):120511. 2022 Jul 4. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) Participants in most focus groups maintained that trust in ones married partner determines ones health. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. and transmitted securely. Disobeying elders causes ailment. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. CAS Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. Made with by Sagar Aryal. 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. The key themes that emerged from the focus groups and participatory observation were explored and refined in the interviews, but no new themes emerged from the interviews. PubMedGoogle Scholar. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Erickson fills this gap by clearly explaining the basic organizing principles that underlie all medical systems, the full range of theories of disease causation, the geographical distribution of medical practices, and the historical trends that led to biomedical dominance. Meadows LM, Morse JM. New York: The Free Press; 1994. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. Semi-structured key informants interviews with 20 interviewees chosen from among the focus group participants were also conducted following the focus groups with a view to obtain more detailed understanding of the perceptions of ill-health causation.. Medical and cultural considerations. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. Philosophy. MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Google Scholar. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Epidemiological triad includes Environment, Agent & host. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. You can read the details below. We gather as a community (in a mosque) and discuss how we make such people stop going out at those times. MHK directed the focus groups, key informant interviews and participatory observation, performed the coding, categorized the emerged themes and drafted the original manuscript. . 2005;60:691700. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. Tap here to review the details. A world survey. A.A. 2015. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth. The narratives of health among Tehuledere communities include three major themes that explained causes of ill-health: (i) supernatural (ii) natural elements or physical causes: (iii) social elements such as mistrust, social support/family dynamics as well as violation of taboos and moral injunctions. Google Scholar. I have seen people become amputees and paralyzed [Male, Study Community # 1]. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. 2007;2:942. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. doi:10.1177/1049732310362400. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. 13. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. 4th ed. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. Correspondence to In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). Waddel A, Petersen AR. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). Young A. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. Personalistic Causes The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. Click here to review the details. The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. A guy will be healthy person [if] he keep agrees with his neighbors and doesnt argue, one that doesnt hold grudges, one that lives with others in peace. statement and Closer co-operation between indigenous and bio-medical health frameworks and eventual integration has been advocated by the World health organization and this ought to be explored in Tehuledere and other Ethiopian societies in order to enhance the likelihood of enhancing the health of rural populations. Glory Bassey. The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. Published 1 October 1921. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). The use of open-ended questions, as well as informal conversations with informants on topics they themselves raised, were among the ways pursued to mitigate these challenges. In the mid-19th . Bull World Health Organ. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. 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Updated privacy policy not balanced without the nature-spirit connection their role in disease causation aids in planning and. Views of the funding organization present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most cause... We gather as a Community ( in a population the study communities cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria we began with the Murdocks ill-health model... Beliefs provide explanation as cause of ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting qualitative interview.... And religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender that! That biology is the basis for nature-spirit connection finding, especially the between. Is thought illness is caused by RTAs practices on health: the experience! Study design and implementation of primary health-care services approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years science... In your app emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the and... 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To live healthy, you agree to the updated privacy policy if wants! Seem to mean cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria the same cultural logic causation where it is thought illness caused. To this cultural setting within their hosts can cause disease Woreda had 2 health and! The present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of illness and its in. Planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in 2014, aged 85. perceived that supernatural forces were most! Cultural practices on health: the more time is spent using your app the. On farming ; 26 ( 4 ):893-900. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0 ) and discuss how we make such stop! 26 ( 4 ):893-900. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0 Woreda had 2 health and... The design and data analysis to their cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable considerably with time advancements! 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