Elections were held for a new and greatly enlarged House of Representatives in December 1959; 174 of the 312 seats were allocated to the Northern Region on the basis of its larger population. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. In May of this year, Herbert J. The NPC platform emphasized the integrity of the north, its traditions, religion and social order. They were instrumental in the development of government diplomacy with the traditional rulers; they spread government propaganda among the indigenous people; and they assisted colonial officials in parleying with native forces at war with government troops. Nigeria: ColonizationKatie Graham. At the same time, British scientists were interested in exploring the course and related settlements along the Niger River. In the north, the emirs intended to maintain firm control on economic and political change. A new constitution was created in 1922 under British colonial rule, largely due to Nigerian calls for reform. Revolts in against water rates and the alienation of indigenous land in 1908 and 1911 served to unite native African elites and working class residents. Decolonization - Jan C. Jansen 2019-06-11 The end of colonial rule in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean was one of the most In April 1927, the British colonial government in Nigeria took measures to enforce the Native Revenue (Amendment) Ordinance. [19] Ultimately, this became the Royal Niger Company. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, opened the river. If an eye is kept on the Gazettes as they come in this will enable us to warn him of any objections we may entertain to legislative proposals, and also give Liverpool and Manchester an opportunity of voicing their objections. Effects/Impact of Colonialism on Nigeria 1. Local administration, where the colonial citizens typically experienced colonial authority, was based on the policy of indirect rule first developed in the north. The British Empire, once known as "the empire where the sun never sets," is the most powerful political entity in the history of the world. Much of the human trafficking which occurred there was nominally illegal, and records from this time and place are not comprehensive. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. Borno capitulated without a fight, but in 1903 Lugard's RWAFF mounted assaults on Kano and Sokoto. Lugard's governmental model for Nigeria was unique and there was apparently not much planning for its future development. Other firms applying for licenses were rejected. Over the next decades as colonial rule became institutionalized, African resistance to colonialism became more focused and intense. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. The forces unleashed against the British were now diverse, including soldiers who had served in World War II, the media, restless youth, market women, educated people, and farmers, all of whom became committed to the anticolonial movement. In the twentieth century, Lagos became a center for resistance to colonial rule. Libyan Resistance. He was aware that the Muslim north would present problems, but he had hopes for progress along the lines which he laid down in the south, where he anticipated "general emancipation" leading to a more representative form of government. The Colonial Office could veto or revise his policies. Nigeria Lugard and Indirect Rule. Modern nationalists in the south, whose thinking was shaped by European ideas, opposed indirect rule, as they believed that it had strengthened what they considered an anachronistic ruling class and shut out the emerging Westernised elite. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia, led his army to accomplish this unique feat in March 1896, defeating General Oreste Baratieri's Italian . In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. Other commercial crops, such as cocoa and rubber, were encouraged, and tin was mined on the Jos Plateau. Du Bois. Independence was achieved on 1 October 1960. The emirs retained their caliphate titles but were responsible to British district officers, who had final authority. Because of the spread of mission schools and wealth derived from export crops, the southern parties were committed to policies that would benefit the south of the country. Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. [54] Olivier was a member of the Fabian Society and a friend of George Bernard Shaw. Under the Political Department of the Civil Service were Residents and District Officers, responsible for overseeing operations in each region. The war years brought a polarization between the older, more parochial leaders inclined toward gradualism and the younger intellectuals, who thought in more immediate terms. After 1940, political activities were broadened to include more people. of British Colonial Nigeria. You are right my brother. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. At that time many scholars believed that Nigeria was able to develop into a stable and fast-growing state due to its huge potential. In 1916, Sir Edward Carson led the majority of the Conservative and Unionist Party to vote against Party Leader Bonar Law on the issue, forcing it to withdraw from the Asquith coalition and for the government to begin to break apart. Significantly, the regional governments controlled public expenditures derived from revenues raised within each region. Protestant missionaries tended to divide the country into spheres of activity to avoid competition with each other, and Catholic missions similarly avoided duplication of effort among the several religious orders working there. Hogendorn. Ethnic and kinship organisations that often took the form of a tribal union also emerged in the 1920s. Nigeria's first nationalist movements appeared in the 1920s, and resistance to colonial rule grew over the next three decades. The National Youth Movement used nationalist rhetoric to agitate for improvements in education. This rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. [40] By 1893, most of the other political entities in Yorubaland recognised the practical necessity of signing another treaty with the British, this one explicitly joining them with the protectorate of Lagos. In the Northern Cameroons, however, the largely Muslim electorate chose to merge with Nigeria's Northern Region. While initially organised for professional and fraternal reasons, these were centres of educated people who had chances to develop their leadership skills in the organisations, as well as form broad social networks. In the name of liberating the Igbos from the Aro Confederacy, the British launched the Anglo-Aro War of 19011902. He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. Awolowo had little difficulty in appealing to broad segments of the Yoruba population, but he worked to avoid the Action Group from being stigmatized as a "tribal" group. This became the Lagos Constabulary, and subsequently the Nigerian Police Force. Colonial Lagos was a busy, cosmopolitan port. The incidence of slavery in local societies increased. The High Commissioner will be guided by all the usual laws of succession and the wishes of the people and chief but will set them aside if he desires for good cause to do so. Laird's efforts were stimulated by the detailed reports of a pioneer German explorer, Heinrich Barth, who travelled through much of Borno and the Sokoto Caliphate, where he recorded information about the region's geography, economy and inhabitants. Economic Impact The [] Following Lugards success in the north, he set out the principles of the administrative system subsequently institutionalized as indirect rule. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs, subject to the guidance of European officers. [45], A campaign against the Sokoto Caliphate began in 1900 with the creation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, under the direction of Governor Lugard. Although per capita income in the country as a whole remained low by international standards, rising incomes among salaried personnel and burgeoning urbanization expanded consumer demand for imported goods. It soon gained a virtual monopoly over trade along the River[11]. 1324 Words6 Pages. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. Nigeria: A Country Study. Macaulay was despised by the British, but he came to be regarded as the father of modern Nigerian nationalism.. Among his leading lieutenants were Samuel Akintola of Ogbomoso and the Oni of Ife, the most important of the Yoruba monarchs. The book traces communications in Nigeria back to pre-colonial indigenous communications, through the development of telecommunication, broadcasting networks, the press, the Nigerian lm industry ('Nollywood') and on to the digital . Resistance to colonial rule was mitigated to the extent that local authorities and courts were able to manage affairs. [55], Under the Colonial Office was the Governor, who managed the administration of his colony and held powers of emergency rule. Battle of Adowa (Ethiopia) 5. However, in October 1929 in Oloko a census related to taxation was conducted, and the women in the area suspected that this was a prelude to the extension of direct taxation, which had been imposed on the men the previous year. After the Berlin Conference of 1884, Britain announced the formation of the Oil Rivers Protectorate, which included the Niger Delta and extended eastward to Calabar, where the British Consulate General was relocated from Fernando Po. Segments of the Yoruba community had their own animosities and new rivalries arose. In the Northern Region, the colonial government took careful account of Islam and avoided any appearance of a challenge to traditional values that might incite resistance to British rule. From 1790 to 1807, predominantly British slave traders purchased 1,0002,000 slaves each year in Lagos alone. [17] In 1767, British traders facilitated a notorious massacre of hundreds of people at Calabar after inviting them onto their ships, ostensibly to settle a local dispute. During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. The company received 865,000 compensation for the loss of its Charter. Armed resistance decreased in the 1920s but protest continued, "characterised by civil rights and civil . It backed Yoruba irredentism in the Fulani-ruled emirate of Ilorin in the Northern Region, and separatist movements among non-Igbo in the Eastern Region. The legitimate trade in commodities attracted a number of British merchants to the Niger River, as well as some men who had been formerly engaged in the slave trade but who now changed their line of wares. In the 1700s, the British Empire and other European powers had settlements and forts in West Africa but had not yet established the full-scale plantation colonies which existed in the Americas. By 1938 the NYM was agitating for dominion status within the British Commonwealth of Nations so that Nigeria would have the same status as Canada and Australia. As a historical event, anticolonialism means the struggle against imperial rule in colonized countries, mostly during the first half of the twentieth century. With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of Yorubaland, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. From 1815 to 1840, palm oil exports increased by a factor of 25, from 800 to 20,000 tons per year. [63], The Protectorate was centrally administered by the Colonial Civil Service, staffed by Britons and Africans called the British Native Staffmany of whom originated from outside the territory. By the mid-1940s, the major ethnic groups had formed such associations as the Igbo Federal Union and the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (Society of the Descendants of Oduduwa), a Yoruba cultural movement, in which Awolowo played a leading role. The NPC continued to represent the interests of the traditional order in the pre-independence deliberations. Nigeria did not come into being until 1914, when the consort of a colonial Governor-General, Flora Shaw and her man, the fascist Lord Lugard willed and named Nigeria into being, with the dubious . The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. [52], The territory of the Royal Niger Company became the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, and the Company itself became a private corporation which continued to do business in Nigeria. Under Lugard from 1900 to 1906, the Protectorate consolidated political control over the area through military conquest and initiated the use of British currency in substitute for barter. [73] The colonial government would enact new legislation in reaction to the pandemic including, travel passes for individuals in the colony, increased usage of sanitary practices, and door to door checks on indigenous Nigerian households. Author. In: Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs: (1999), vol. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. The Colonial Era (1882-1960) British colonialism began under the pretense of policing the slave trade. The . The seven men who governed Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria and Lagos through 1914 were Henry McCallum, William MacGregor, Walter Egerton, Ralph Moor, Percy Girouard, Hesketh Bell and Frederick Lugard. Exploration was intensified in 1946, but the first commercial discovery did not occur until 1956, at Olobiri in the Niger Delta. He was prepared to introduce educational and economic changes to strengthen the north. This line was extended to Oshogbo, 100 kilometres (62mi) away, in 19051907, and to Zungeru and Minna in 19081911. Ken Swindell, "The Commercial Development of the North: Company and Government Relations, 19001906". Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? refusing to pay. [9] Administration and military control of the territory was conducted primarily by white Britons, both in London and in Nigeria. The Niger Delta and Calabar, which once had been known for the export of slaves, became notable for the export of palm oil. Local rulers continued to administer their territories, but consular authorities assumed jurisdiction for the equity courts established earlier by the foreign mercantile communities. Play off ethnic and social divisions . Lagos remained the capital of the south, with Zungeru the new capital of the north. [74] The disease first found its home among the many trading ports along the West African coast. Economic competition among these "houses" was so fierce that trade often erupted into an armed battle between the crews of the large canoes. Nigeria is a country in West Africa and was colonized by the British in 1884 during a slave trade (Alme). In pursuance of the above general principles the chief civil officers of the provinces are to be called Residents which implies one who carries on diplomatic relations rather than Commissioners or Administrators. From Lugard's point of view, clear-cut military victories were necessary because the surrenders of the defeated peoples weakened resistance elsewhere. The movement brought to public notice a long list of future leaders, including H.O. The departure of Azikiwe and other Igbo members of the NYM left the organisation in Yoruba hands. "John Beecroft, 17901854: Her Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 18491854". NEPU formed a parliamentary alliance with the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). A third of the people associated with an 1842 riverine expedition died. His political platform called for economic and educational development, Africanization of the civil service, and self-government for Lagos. He said that he did "not consider that their past traditions and their present backward cultural conditions afford to any such experiment a reasonable chance of success". [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". Frederick Lugard, shortly before becoming High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria.[68]. [43][44] The British forces began annual pacification missions to convince the locals of British supremacy. European traders in Nigeria initially made widespread use of the cowrie, which was already valued locally. The Governor-General, in turn, was responsible for appointing the prime minister and for choosing a candidate from among contending leaders when there was no parliamentary majority. [59], Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon. Economic hardship caused by the war certainly underlay and even provoked resistance against the colonial authorities. In the immediate post-World War II period, Nigeria benefited from a favourable trade balance. Updated: 11/12/2021 Create an account The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. British staffs in each region continued to operate according to procedures developed before unification. Resistance to colonial rule took a number of forms, incrementally moving Nigeria toward independence. Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. A lack of interest in extending the NPC beyond the Northern Region corresponded to this strictly regional orientation. [49], Concrete plans for transition to Crown ruledirect control by the British Governmentapparently began in 1897. A constabulary force was raised and used to pacify the coastal area. The Governor was, in effect, the coordinator for virtually autonomous entities that had overlapping economic interests but little in common politically or socially. In 1950 Aminu Kano, who had been instrumental in founding the NPC, broke away to form the Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU), in protest against the NPC's limited objectives and what he regarded as a vain hope that traditional rulers would accept modernization. [70], Lugard's immediate successor (19191925), Sir Hugh Clifford, was an aristocratic professional administrator with liberal instincts who had won recognition for his enlightened governorship of the Gold Coast in 19121919. Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined slavery and the slave trade. The decrease in trade indirectly led to the collapse of states like the Edo Empire. Asante Resistance (Ghana) 6. The rapid growth of organised labour in the 1940s also brought new political forces into play. Colonial official A. J. Harding commented in 1913: Sir F. Lugard's proposal contemplates a state which it is impossible to classify. In the north, for instance, legislation took the form of a decree cosigned by the Governor and the emir, while in the south, the Governor sought the approval of the Legislative Council. By a British Act of Parliament, Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960. After initially adopting an indirect rule approach, in 1906 the British merged the small Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate into a new Colony of Southern Nigeria, and in 1914 that was combined with the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. [65], Half of all taxes went to the colonial government and half went to the Native Treasury. In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. [29] His servant, Richard Lander, and Lander's brother John were the ones to demonstrate that the Niger flowed into the sea. Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[85]. Davies and Nnamdi Azikiwe. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states. The protest began in the Political activists in the southern areas spoke of self-government in terms of educational opportunities and economic development. Earlier elements related to this were its founding of the Sierra Leone Colony in 1787 as a refuge for freed slaves, the independent missionary movement intended to bring Christianity to the Edo Kingdom, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based African Association. September 1996. It is not a unitary state with local government areas but with one Central Executive and one Legislature. Goods were made available on credit to African middlemen, who were expected to trade them at a pre-arranged price and deliver the proceeds to the company. Maji-Maji Uprising (Tanganyika) 4. In elections that year, the NYM ended the domination of the NNDP in the Legislative Council and worked to establish a national network of affiliates. The approaches of the two men to colonial development were diametrically opposed. Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. As a philosophical movement and critical . Initial British attempts to open trade with the interior by way of the Niger could not overcome climate and diseases such as malaria. Lugard's success in northern Nigeria has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule; that is, he governed the protectorate through the rulers defeated by the British. In some cases, British assignment of people to ethnic groups, and treatment based along ethnic lines, led to identification with ethnicity where none had existed before.[84]. In Africa, Nigerians lived under British rule from 1900 to 1960. The protectorate was organised to control and develop trade coming down the Niger. The British, when faced with dissent, tended to grant political reforms in an effort to dispel the attractiveness of more-radical suggestions. Several churches were built to serve the Edo community and a small number of African converts. Oil income was still marginal, but the prospects for continued economic expansion appeared bright and accentuated political rivalries on the eve of independence. I will be dealing almost exclusively with the areas of East and Central Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe - where a more or less coherent debate can be seen. The said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves to protect the said King and Chiefs from the attacks of any neighbouring tribes (Ibid.). The militias and RWAFF battalions were reorganized into the RWAFF Nigeria Regiment.[62]. Nigeria became an independent state on the October 1, 1960 after being a British colony for over 40 years. The southern nationalists were inspired by a variety of sources, including such prominent American-based activists as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. [32] This included a river fleet which it used for retaliatory attacks on uncooperative villages. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. Out of reverence for traditional kingship, for instance, the Oba of Benin, whose office was closely identified with Edo religion, was accepted as the sponsor of a Yoruba political movement. Men such as Balewa believed that only by overcoming political and economic backwardness could the NPC protect the foundations of traditional northern authority against the influence of the more advanced south. His objective was to conquer the entire region and to obtain recognition of the British protectorate by its indigenous rulers, especially the Fulani emirs of the Sokoto Caliphate. Definition of Colonialism Colonialism means a system which the Europeans adopted in ruling the colonies of Africa to their own benefits. An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. In the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings. They caused major transformations in traditional society as they eroded the religious institutions such as human sacrifice, infanticide and secret societies, which had formerly played a role in political authority and community life.[26]. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. Britain subsequently lobbied other European powers to stop the slave trade as well. The cleavage between the Yoruba and the Igbo was accentuated by their competition for control of the political machinery. PhD dissertation accepted at the Graduate Programme in History, York University, Ontario. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. Following the defeat of an unsuccessful foray by Consul General James R. Phillips, a larger retaliatory force captured Benin City and drove Ovonramwen, the Oba of Benin, into exile. Sir Richmond Palmer, acting as Lieutenant Governor in the North, disagreed with Clifford and advocated the principles of Lugard and further decentralisation. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. David Ellis, "African and European relations in the last century of the transatlantic slave trade"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. Some African Christian communities formed their own independent churches. By the 1950s, there were organized nationalist parties that demanded political independence in almost every colony in Africa. The Nigerian Resistance. Though the Europeans possess many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the East Indies, they have not yet established in either of those countries such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of America. As a result, the trading post at the Niger River is created and the British economic rule is maintained over the colonies, exploiting Nigerians (Graham, 2009). Herbert Richmond Palmer developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.[66]. The NPC captured 142 seats in the new legislature. . It was a relatively simple adjustment for many Igbo families to transport the oil to rivers and streams that led to the Niger Delta for sale to European merchants. [31], Captain John Glover, the colony's administrator, created a militia of Hausa troops in 1861. Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. They received attention from major parties before elections, at which time either a dominant party from another region or the opposition party in their region sought their alliance. By 1919 the National Council of British West Africa, an organization consisting of elites across West Africa, was demanding that half the members of the Legislative Council be Africans; they also wanted a university in West Africa and more senior positions for Africans in the colonial civil service. The first missions were opened by the Church of England's Church Missionary Society (CMS). THE COLONIAL ECONOMIC LEGACY. 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